Indigenous · History Classes · Grades 10–13 · College · University
The Chronology — The Whole History in Order of Time
History Class · Level band: Grades 10–13 · College · University
DRAFT — CULTURAL REVIEW PENDING. These history classes are a publisher’s draft blend of the Collection’s Indigenous history research, standing on its own website. Indigenous cultural review precedes any public release of this strand. Readings carry the research labels unchanged: Documented Fact · Tradition — the people’s own account · Debated / Claim. This page carries no advertising.
English edition — the language editions of the history classes are outstanding and will follow the site’s translation pattern; none is fabricated here.
For the teacher — teacher-facing guidance for this class stands in this box only; the reading below is the student reading. Senior band only. The chronology exists because the publisher ordered the record set in the order of time, with seven fields for every people: when · the people · where they lived · how they lived · the war or conquest, and who did it · how they were killed · the outcome. Teach its two disciplines before its contents. First, the classes ride every line — Documented, Debated, Claim, Scripture Record, and the censuses’ Class A (a people gone entire) and Class B (ended in the record, descendants continue) — and the two counts are never merged: a genocide on the record is not an extinction, and most peoples in these eras are alive. Second, the OWED fields are part of the lesson, not gaps in the page: this record was built largely from the killing’s archive, and for most peoples the archive did not keep the life before the blow — above all the field “how they lived,” which stands owed on the great majority of lines. One standing flag is carried exactly as it stands: the census’s Taushiro lines await the owner’s ruling and are reproduced flagged, not decided. The Taíno stand in no census subtotal, by the owner’s ruling.
Why this chronology exists
Class: OWNER’S VOICE. The commission is the publisher’s own, spoken 2026-10-28:
“How they were killed, who killed them, where they used to live, how they used to live, the wars, in the conquest that took [them], which people were exterminated — everything that you can find out — and organize it chronologically… have the history flow in order of time.”
Class: OWNER’S TEACHING. At the head of the chronology stands the publisher’s teaching on its anchor: the twelve tribes were scattered amongst the nations that they would live there with them, that they would be a blessing there to them, for it is written that way in the scriptures — the scattering’s purpose as he teaches it, classed as his teaching, never as a finding of the record.
Class: SCRIPTURE RECORD. Beside it stand the text’s own words for the scattering and its promised end: the sentence — “they shall be wanderers among the nations” (Hosea 9:17), with the cause stated in 2 Kings 17 whole — and the promise: the dispersed gathered “from the four corners of the earth” (Isaiah 11:12); “a great company shall return thither” (Jeremiah 31:8); “they shall dwell in their own land” (Jeremiah 23:8); “one nation in the land… no more two nations” (Ezekiel 37:22). The chronology therefore opens at the scattering and flows forward to the present tense: the findings, the apologies, the peoples standing, and the claims still live.
Class: RESEARCH — COMPILATION. This class presents, in student-reading form, the Chronology (Genocide Record item 35), compiled 2026-10-28 from the record already built in this history — the Genocide Record items 1–34, the two Extermination Censuses, HOW THEY WERE EXTERMINATED, THE ARRIVAL, and the Rome and Dispersion files. No new research stands behind it: every line points back into that record and carries its class. Entered 2026-10-28, at the owner's completion direction: the 23 dated entries of the Illuminati file's Annex A — the documented order of 1776–1787 and the bibliography of the claim that inherited its name, 1797–2026 — stand in their eras below, in this chronology's format, their classes carried exactly; they are entries of an order and of an idea, not peoples of the censuses, and they enter neither count. The hidden-knowledge volume’s entries — of texts, maps, heavens and gates — stand in the Prologue, the Centuries Between, and their eras in the same way, and enter neither count; they read with their classes: The Tablets Speak · The Watchers in the Texts · The Flood Traditions of the Nations · The Steppe World · The Mapping of the World · The Heavens They Knew · Portals and CERN · The World of the Maps. A people standing at several dates stands at each of them, cross-referenced, not merged.
PROLOGUE — THE FIRST RECORDS (BEFORE 734 BC)
The volume opens before the scattering, with the first records themselves: the tablets of Mesopotamia, the risings of Venus kept across a reign, the sky catalogued, and India's flood in its first written form. Entries of texts, entered at the owner's direction (2026-10-28) as part of the hidden-knowledge volume; they enter neither census count.
| When | The people — and the entry | Where · how they lived · the war · how they were killed · outcome | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| c. 2100–1800 BC — the range usually given for the Sumerian King List's composition and early copies, Ur III into Old Babylonian times; its most complete surviving copy, the Weld-Blundell Prism, ends with Sin-magir of Isin, c. 1827–1817 BC. | the scribes and kings of Sumer, in southern Mesopotamia. | Where: the city-states of the Tigris–Euphrates plain — Eridug, Bad-tibira, Larag, Zimbir, Šuruppag and Kiš among them. How they lived: a literate temple-and-palace civilisation of irrigated cities, keeping its records in cuneiform on clay. The war or conquest — and who did it: no single war — the list's own frame is kingship itself passing from city to city, each city falling and the kingship “taken” to the next. How they were killed: not a killing entry — a chronology entry: the list counts eight kings in five cities reigning 241,200 years in total (28,800 to 43,200 years each), and then records the interruption of the whole order: “Then the flood swept over.” Outcome: kingship is said to descend from heaven a second time, to Kiš, and the reigns step down toward remembered lengths — the antediluvian figures stand at the text's face, DOCUMENTED as a text; several manuscripts lack the antediluvian section, and that variation is carried, not harmonised. Record: THE_TABLETS_SPEAK_2026-10-28.md, §8. | DOCUMENTED — the text at its face; several manuscripts lack the antediluvian section, and the variation is carried, not harmonised. |
| Old Babylonian period — the composition is Old Babylonian (c. 18th century BC in the range commonly given); its main surviving recension was copied by the scribe Ipiq-Aya in the reign of Ammi-saduqa, mid-17th century BC. | the scribes of Babylonia, copying in Akkadian; in the poem itself, the gods in assembly and the first human beings. | Where: Babylonia, the middle Euphrates plain; in the poem, a world of canals and river beds dug by hand. How they lived: by irrigation agriculture — the labour the poem puts at the centre of creation itself: canals, watercourses, wells and marsh excavation, borne first by the lesser gods, then by mankind made to bear it. The war or conquest — and who did it: no human war — in the poem, the Igigi gods revolt against their labour, burn their tools and surround Enlil's gate; the assembly answers by making mankind from clay and the flesh and blood of a slain god, and later Enlil, bound by the gods' oath, sends the flood against mankind's noise. How they were killed: in the poem, mankind is destroyed by the flood all but one household — Atrahasis, warned through his reed wall by Enki, survives in the boat with his family, the animals and the birds; after seven days and nights his sacrifice is smelled by the hungry gods, who gather “like flies over the offering.” Outcome: life is preserved, and the poem's settlement is population held down from within — the text DOCUMENTED in the standard edition (Lambert & Millard, 1969); the poem stands as the fullest single telling of the whole arc. Record: THE_TABLETS_SPEAK_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED — the text, in the standard edition. |
| c. 17th century BC (Old Babylonian period) — the date of the surviving copy; the composition is older. DOCUMENTED as a text and a copy-date. | The Sumerians of the city-states of southern Mesopotamia; the copy was made by their scribal schools, at Nippur. | Where: The alluvial plain between the Tigris and Euphrates — the cities the text itself names first: Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larak, Sippar, Shuruppak. How they lived: Irrigation farmers and city-dwellers ruled by kings under temple establishments; a scribal culture that kept its oldest stories on clay. The war or conquest — and who did it: None — this entry is a text, not a conquest. The destruction inside the telling is the gods' flood, sent by the divine council in the story itself. How they were killed: In the telling: by the flood — seven days and seven nights of storm, the boat tossed on the great waters; only Ziusudra and those with him survive, in the story. Outcome: The tablet preserves the oldest written flood telling on earth. In the text, Ziusudra is granted eternal life in Dilmun; in Sumer's own King List, the flood stands as the hinge of all kingship — "the flood swept over," and kingship descended a second time. Record: THE_FLOOD_TRADITIONS_OF_THE_NATIONS_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED — the tablet, at its face. |
| c. 17th century BC (Middle Chronology; the absolute chronology is DEBATED) — observations spanning 21 years; surviving copies 7th century BC. | The astronomer-scribes of Babylon, keeping the sky-record of the reign of Ammisaduqa, fourth king after Hammurabi. | Where: Babylon, Mesopotamia; the surviving tablets were recovered from the library at Nineveh. How they lived: A scribal culture of clay and reed stylus, in which the heavens were watched nightly and written down as a state archive, generation after generation. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry — the record is an observation archive, not a war record. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: The first and last visibilities of Venus, its heliacal risings and settings, preserved as Tablet 63 of the omen series Enuma Anu Enlil (K.160, British Museum) — a planet's appearances still being copied a thousand years after they were observed. DOCUMENTED; the dating scheme DEBATED. Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| c. 14th–13th century BC — first tomb use under Horemheb (late 18th Dynasty); earliest complete version on the sarcophagus of Seti I, c. 1290–1279 BC. The composition date is DEBATED. | The priests, scribes and tomb artists of New Kingdom Egypt, and the kings whose night journey the book maps — Horemheb, Ramesses I, Seti I and their successors. | Where: Thebes and the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. How they lived: A temple-and-tomb culture that wrote the sun's regeneration as a working map for the dead king: twelve hours of night, each closed by a guarded gate whose keepers must be known to pass. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry — the record is a funerary text, not a war record. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry; the book concerns the dead king's passage, not a killing. Outcome: Ra's barque, with only Sia and Heka aboard, passes gate by gate through the Duat, through Osiris's judgment hall at the fifth hour, to rebirth at dawn — Egypt's heaven and underworld built with gates, every gate guarded and named. DOCUMENTED; composition date DEBATED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §1. | DOCUMENTED — the text, in the royal tombs. |
| c. 1200 BC — the Standard Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh compiled, traditionally attributed to the scholar Sîn-lēqi-unninni. | the scribal scholars of Babylonia; in the epic, Gilgamesh of Uruk and Utnapishtim, the flood survivor. | Where: Babylonia; the epic's flood account is told at the edge of the world, where Utnapishtim lives after the waters. How they lived: a tablet-copying civilisation — the standard version was copied for a thousand years after, into the royal library at Nineveh among other places. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war in this entry — in Tablet XI the gods themselves send the flood-weapon; even the gods fear it, withdraw to the heaven of Anu, and “cowered, like dogs crouched by an outside wall,” while the Anunnaki weep with Ishtar. How they were killed: in the account, the storm of six days and seven nights destroys mankind; Utnapishtim's boat, loaded with his kin, the beasts of the field and the craftsmen, grounds on Mount Nimush, and birds are released. Outcome: Utnapishtim and his wife are granted immortality by Enlil — an ending belonging to Gilgamesh alone among the flood tellings — and the flood story stands in the form in which the modern world would recover it. Record: THE_TABLETS_SPEAK_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED — the text. |
| Compiled c. 1000 BC; surviving copies early 7th century BC. | The scholar-scribes of Mesopotamia who compiled the MUL.APIN tablets. | Where: Babylonia and Assyria, Mesopotamia. How they lived: Keepers of an ideal 360-day year of twelve 30-day months, regulating a luni-solar calendar by observation and intercalation. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: The stars and constellations set in order in three paths — Enlil (33), Anu (23), Ea (15) — with heliacal rising dates for 34 stars and the 17 or 18 constellations in the path of the Moon, the direct forerunners of the twelve-sign zodiac the Babylonians themselves would fix in the 5th century BC. DOCUMENTED. Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| c. 8th–6th century BC — the fixation of the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, the dating DEBATED within that span. The flood passage is 1.8.1. | The Vedic peoples of northern India — the text's own world of sacrificers, priests, and kings of the upper Ganges and Indus plains. | Where: Northern India, the river plains of the Indus and the Ganges. How they lived: A ritual and sacrificial culture ordered by the Brāhmaṇa texts; Manu is remembered in it as the first sacrificer and the father of mankind. The war or conquest — and who did it: None — this entry is a text. Inside the telling, no enemy sends the water; the flood simply comes, foretold by the fish. How they were killed: In the telling: the flood "carries away all these creatures" — Manu alone survives, towed by the great fish to the northern mountain. Outcome: The earliest Indian flood telling stands in writing: a small fish, reared jar to pit to sea, repays its keeper, and from Manu's sacrifice afterward comes the race of Manu — mankind. The telling later grows: the fish revealed as Brahmā in the Mahābhārata, and as Vishnu's Matsya avatāra in the Purāṇas. Record: THE_FLOOD_TRADITIONS_OF_THE_NATIONS_2026-10-28.md, §8. | the text DOCUMENTED; its dating DEBATED. |
ERA 0 — THE SCATTERING (734–539 BC)
The anchor. The tribes go out among the nations in two waves — the north to Assyria, Judah to Babylon — and the record's whole later history of peoples taken, absorbed, and ended is read downstream of this one.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| 734–732 BC — a decade before Samaria fell. | the tribe of Naphtali and the land of Galilee; the Transjordan tribes — Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh. | Where: the north of Israel — Galilee, Gilead, the Transjordan. How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria took the north piecemeal — "took Ijon, and Abel-beth-maachah… and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and carried them captive to Assyria" (2 Kings 15:29); 1 Chronicles 5:26 names the Transjordan tribes carried "unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan." How they were killed: carried away captive — deportation, the empire's mechanism; no killing is counted in the record for this wave. Outcome: scattered — the dispersion's dated first wave; the tribes among the nations from this date. Record: TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §1. | SCRIPTURE RECORD, corroborated in outline by the DOCUMENTED Assyrian record |
| 722 BC (some chronologies 721), after a three-year siege. | the northern kingdom of Israel — the ten tribes. | Where: Samaria and the northern kingdom, in their own land. How they lived: after the taking, the deportees were "counted as Assyrian people" — settled, taxed, conscripted, set to farming and building (the Assyrian system, DOCUMENTED). One held text shows the inside of it: Tobit of Naphtali, exiled to Nineveh, walking "in paths of truth and in righteousness all the days of my life" and giving alms "to my brothers and fellow country-folk, exiled like me to Nineveh" (Tobit 1:1–3, held witness) — SCRIPTURE RECORD. The war or conquest — and who did it: Assyria. The siege was Shalmaneser V's; the capture and deportation were claimed by Sargon II as his own first-year deed — which king finished Samaria is DEBATED in its detail, both records printed. "So was Israel carried away out of their own land to Assyria unto this day" (2 Kings 17:23); placed "in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes" (2 Kings 17:6) — Habor is the Khabur, Gozan is Guzana (Tell Halaf), the Medes' cities are western Media; Halah is not securely located (DEBATED). How they were killed: by deportation — Sargon's own annals at Khorsabad count 27,290 inhabitants led away as booty (the Display Inscription's variant reads 27,280; the two are printed side by side, not harmonised). The count is of the Samaria operation, not of the kingdom whole: how much of the northern population remained in the land is DEBATED, the range printed in the record. The empire's system was designed to dissolve peoples into itself, and for most deported peoples it did — Oded's tally of the inscribed operations counts 1,210,928 deportees in 43 numbered deportations across the empire. Outcome: the kingdom ended; the deportees settled in Assyria and Media, and no contemporary documentary trail follows them as a distinct people after the resettlement records — the trail runs out where 2 Kings 17:6 put them, and this record does not fill the silence with any people's name. No return is recorded. What later ages made of the silence — the search, the identifications, Arsareth — stands in the Dispersion file at each claim's own class. Record: TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §§1–2, 4. | SCRIPTURE RECORD, corroborated DOCUMENTED (the conqueror's own inscriptions) |
| from 722 BC. | the peoples Assyria settled into Samaria — men "from Babylon, and from Cuthah, and from Ava, and from Hamath, and from Sepharvaim" (2 Kings 17:24) — and the Israelite remnant who had never been taken. | Where: the cities of Samaria, in the taken land. How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: no new war — Assyria's settlement policy, the deportation machine run in both directions at once. Sargon's inscriptions independently record the settling of conquered peoples — Arab tribes among them — in Samaria: the transfer policy is documented on both sides of the record. How they were killed: not a killing entry — a replacement entry; the land's population was remade by decree. Outcome: from these settlers and the remnant descends the Samaritan question, carried in the record in three unreconciled accounts — 2 Kings 17's settler account, the Samaritan community's own tradition of descent from Joseph's tribes, and modern genetics (Shen et al. 2004) supporting substantial Israelite paternal continuity in the land. The Samaritan people stand today, some 800 souls. Record: TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §§2, 4. | SCRIPTURE RECORD + DOCUMENTED (the policy); the descent question carried in three classes, unreconciled |
| c. 650 BC — the reign of Ashurbanipal of Assyria (668–c. 627 BC), whose royal library at Nineveh held the copies of Tablet XI from which the telling was recovered. | The Assyrian Empire's scribal establishment, copying and keeping the Babylonian literary inheritance; the telling itself is Babylon's, of Utnapishtim of Shuruppak. | Where: Nineveh, on the Tigris (modern Mosul, Iraq) — the library in the royal citadel. How they lived: An imperial court culture that collected the tablets of the whole Mesopotamian tradition into one library; the flood telling was already more than a thousand years old when these copies were made. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attaching to the text's copying. Inside the telling, the destruction is the gods' storm of six days and seven nights. How they were killed: In the telling: by the storm-flood — "all mankind had turned to clay"; the gods themselves flee and cower at heaven's wall. Outcome: The most complete ancient flood telling survives the fall of the empire that copied it: buried at Nineveh for two and a half millennia, excavated in the 19th century AD, and deciphered in AD 1872 (entry below). In the telling, Utnapishtim and his wife are made immortal; Ea's rebuke of Enlil — punish the sinner his own sin, not mankind entire — stands as the text's moral centre. Record: THE_FLOOD_TRADITIONS_OF_THE_NATIONS_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED — the copies in the royal library. |
| first deportation 597 BC; Jerusalem and the Temple destroyed 586 BC. | Judah — the southern kingdom. | Where: Jerusalem and Judah; in exile, named communities in Babylonia — Tel Abib on the Chebar canal, and the countryside settlements of the Al-Yahudu tablets. How they lived: in exile as a living community — the Babylonian administrative tablets (Al-Yahudu corpus, c. 572–477 BC) document Judeans living, contracting, and holding Yahwistic names in Babylonia (DOCUMENTED at first hand). The war or conquest — and who did it: Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon took the city (597, carrying King Jehoiachin and Ezekiel) and destroyed it (586) — Assyria's successor empire running the same policy from the other river. How they were killed: by siege, destruction, and deportation; this record counts the exile's communities, and carries no death toll for 586 — the toll is OWED. Outcome: the asymmetry that seeds everything after. Cyrus of Persia took Babylon in 539 BC and decreed the return; a remnant came back and rebuilt — but the majority of Babylonian Jewry did not return, remaining a great centre for a thousand years and more. A Jewish military colony with its own temple to Yahu already stood at Elephantine in Egypt (5th-century BC papyri, DOCUMENTED). Judah's exile is a dispersion with a documented partial return; the north's is a dispersion with none. Record: TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §3. | DOCUMENTED in outline; SCRIPTURE RECORD in text |
THE CENTURIES BETWEEN (539 BC – AD 1)
Between the scattering and the Roman era the record does not stop: a Greek writes the steppe peoples, Babylon's history is rendered into Greek, and in Aramaic the Watchers and the heavens are set down — the books this education carries. Entries of texts and of the steppe, entered at the owner's direction with the volume; they enter neither census count.
| When | The people — and the entry | Where · how they lived · the war · how they were killed · outcome | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| 490–479 BC — Marathon 490; Xerxes's invasion 480–479. | the Persian Empire of Darius I and Xerxes I, and the Greek city-states — Athens, Sparta, Plataea and their allies severally; there was no single Greek state.. | Where: Persia from Susa and Persepolis; the Greeks in their independent cities around the Aegean. How they lived: Persia as the preceding entry; Athens a citizen democracy of assembly, courts and fleet service, Sparta a citizen garrison living off helot labour — each at its own record in the research file, §§1–2. The war or conquest — and who did it: Persia's punitive and then conquering expeditions against the Greek cities that had aided the Ionian revolt (499 BC); the Greeks in defence, city by city, in a coalition that formed late and quarrelled throughout. How they were killed: at Marathon Herodotus (6.117) counts 6,400 Persian dead against 192 Athenian — his figures, printed as his. At Thermopylae Leonidas's rearguard was destroyed entire; Athens was evacuated and burned; at Salamis the Persian fleet was destroyed in the straits, the battle's first voice a participant, Aeschylus, whose *Persians* (472 BC) staged the news at the court of Susa. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED — Herodotus and Aeschylus at first hand; Herodotus's invasion numbers DEBATED. |
| 550–530 BC — Media defeated c. 550, Lydia 546, Babylon taken 539; Cyrus killed on campaign 530. | the Persians under Cyrus II of Anshan, and the peoples his empire gathered — Medes, Lydians, Babylonians and the rest of the twenty-three lands Darius's Behistun list later names.. | Where: Persia (the Iranian plateau's south-west) outward, within twenty years, to an empire from the Aegean approaches to Central Asia. How they lived: the empire's own tablets (Persepolis Fortification archive, a generation later) show its ordinary machinery: named workers — men, women, new mothers on extra rations — paid in grain, wine and livestock; officials travelling on sealed allowances along the royal roads; subject peoples keeping their own temples, laws and local rulers under a Persian satrap and garrison. The war or conquest — and who did it: Cyrus's own conquests — Media, Lydia and Babylon in turn; Babylon taken, by the Nabonidus Chronicle's account, with little fighting in the city itself. How they were killed: no toll stands in the record for these conquests; the Cyrus Cylinder proclaims a peaceful entry into Babylon — royal self-presentation, printed as such, not a count. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §1. | DOCUMENTED — the inscriptions and tablets; the Cylinder's claims classed as the king's proclaimed policy. |
| c. 440 BC, writing of a people already old on the steppe, and of Darius's invasion of about 513 BC. | the Scythians of the Pontic steppe — Nomad, Ploughing and Royal Scythians. | Where: north of the Black Sea, from the Danube to the Don and beyond, in wagon-dwellings on the open grass. How they lived: from their herds, as mounted archers, carrying their houses with them; the Ploughing Scythians grew grain for export to the Greek ports; their kings were buried in great mounds at Gerrhi with strangled attendants and horses, and the living purified themselves in the hemp vapour tent. The war or conquest — and who did it: Darius of Persia invaded (c. 513 BC) and was refused battle — drawn in, starved, and answered by King Idanthyrsus and by the gifts of a bird, a mouse, a frog and five arrows; Darius withdrew by night. How they were killed: no extermination stands in this record; the Scythians were the invader's frustration, not his victims — Persian losses were to distance, hunger and harassment, uncounted in Herodotus. Outcome: the Scythians stood unconquered, and Herodotus's fourth book became the first full portrait of a steppe people — the record of the steppe opens here. Record: THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED — the text, at first hand. |
| c. 321 BC — the overthrow of the Nandas; the treaty with Seleucus I c. 303 BC. | the Mauryas of Magadha, and the peoples of the first empire to rule most of the Indian subcontinent.. | Where: from the capital Pataliputra on the Ganges, to the Indus in the west. How they lived: at the Greek ambassador Megasthenes' fragments (Strabo, Arrian, Diodorus) — a wooden-walled capital of towers and moat, the king's administration in boards of officials; a Greek grid laid over an Indian reality, read critically; the *Arthashastra*'s statecraft stands DEBATED as a Mauryan document whole. The war or conquest — and who did it: Chandragupta's wars of unification within India; at the frontier, settlement by treaty — Seleucus ceded the Indus lands for five hundred war elephants (Appian, *Syriaca* 55). How they were killed: no toll stands in the record for the unification wars — the toll is OWED. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED in outline — Megasthenes' fragments and Appian; the *Arthashastra* DEBATED. |
| 336–323 BC — Granicus 334, Issus 333, Tyre and Gaza 332, Gaugamela 331, Persepolis burned 330, India 327–325, death at Babylon June 323. | Macedon under Philip II's inheritance and Alexander; the Persian Empire of Darius III; the peoples of Bactria, Sogdiana and the Punjab, who fought him hardest and longest.. | Where: from Macedon and the Greek cities, across Anatolia, Egypt and Mesopotamia, to the Indus. How they lived: the conquered world kept its own forms under new masters — Persian satraps retained beside Macedonian ones, cities founded from Egypt to the Jaxartes, Alexander's court marriages at Susa (324) binding his officers to Persian houses (Arrian 7.4). The war or conquest — and who did it: Alexander's invasion, on his father's army, plan and league; Darius III murdered by his own satrap Bessus (330) as the empire collapsed. How they were killed: in the four great battles and the sieges — Tyre and Gaza taken with massacre and enslavement in the sources; in the grinding Bactrian-Sogdian war; and Alexander himself dead of fever at Babylon, June 323, the Babylonian astronomical diary recording the king's death without comment; the poisoning stories are CLAIM-tier ancient gossip. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED — Arrian (on eyewitness sources), Diodorus, and the Babylonian diary; the Persepolis fire's motive DEBATED. |
| 431–404 BC, with the uneasy peace of 421 between the war's two halves. | Athens and its empire; Sparta and the Peloponnesian League; and the smaller cities — Melos, Mytilene, Plataea — crushed between them.. | Where: the Greek cities of the Aegean and mainland, and Athens's subject-allies across the sea. How they lived: as §2 of the record sets out — Athens's democracy riding an empire's tribute; Sparta's citizens at their messes over helot-worked land. The war's own witness, Thucydides (an exiled Athenian general), records the plague of 430 emptying Athens's houses and breaking its customs of burial (2.47–54). The war or conquest — and who did it: Athens and Sparta against each other for the hegemony of Greece, each side's allies dragged in; Persian gold funded Sparta's fleet in the war's last decade. How they were killed: in battle and siege across thirty years; by plague at Athens (430–426, Thucydides' clinical account, the toll uncounted by him); at Melos in 416, where Athens, after the debate Thucydides renders as the Melian Dialogue, killed the men and enslaved the women and children of a neutral island (5.116); and in Sicily, 415–413, where Athens's expeditionary army and fleet were destroyed entire. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §§2–3. | DOCUMENTED — Thucydides and Xenophon at first hand. |
| c. 3rd century BC or earlier; the exact century is DEBATED. | The Enochic circles of Second Temple Judaism; Aramaic fragments of the work were preserved at Qumran. | Where: Judea and the Jewish diaspora of the Hellenistic world. How they lived: Communities for whom the calendar was a matter of obedience — the feasts could only be kept at their appointed times if the year was counted rightly. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry; the book's own conflict is calendrical — its 364-day solar year set against the lunar reckoning of the Jerusalem priesthood. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: 1 Enoch 72–82, the Book of Luminaries: six gates of the sun in east and west, the moon's law, a solar year of 364 days in four quarters of 91, and the warning that omitting the four intercalary days errs from the reckoning of the whole year. DOCUMENTED as a text; composition date DEBATED. Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §1. | the text DOCUMENTED; its dating DEBATED. |
| c. 300–200 BC (DEBATED range; scholarly consensus places the extant Aramaic form in the third century BC, some arguing older strata behind it) | Jewish scribes of the Second Temple period, writing under the name of Enoch | Where: The land of Israel under Hellenistic rule How they lived: Owed in this record at entry level; the work itself shows a scribal culture reading Genesis beside the wisdom traditions of the surrounding world The war or conquest — and who did it: No war attaches to the composition itself; the era is that of Alexander's successors' kingdoms succeeding one another over the land How they were killed: Not applicable — no killing attaches to this entry Outcome: The four verses of Genesis 6:1–4 stand expanded into a whole book — the descent on Mount Hermon, the giants, the forbidden teachings, the binding and the judgment — the form in which the Watchers account reached every later reader Record: THE_WATCHERS_IN_THE_TEXTS_2026-10-28.md, §2, §7. | the text DOCUMENTED; its dating DEBATED. |
| c. 290 BC (early 3rd century BC) — Berossus, priest of Bel, writes his Babylonian History in Greek under the Seleucid kings. | The Babylonians under Macedonian-Greek rule; Berossus writes to explain his own people's antiquities to their foreign masters. | Where: Babylon, on the Euphrates; the history's flood is set in the same land, its buried tablets at Sippar, the city of the Sun. How they lived: A temple culture of priests and scribes, heir to two thousand years of cuneiform record, now writing in the conquerors' language to keep that record alive. The war or conquest — and who did it: The entry stands in a conquered land — Babylon had passed to Alexander's successors — but the text itself is an act of preservation, not a war record. Inside the telling, the destruction is the flood announced by the god in a dream. How they were killed: In the telling: by the great flood, on the named day — all mankind except Xisouthros, his household, his friends, and the animals taken aboard. Outcome: The Babylonian flood enters Greek literature carrying one addition found in no earlier surviving telling: before the boat is built, the writings of the world — "the beginning, the middle, and the end of all things" — are buried at Sippar, dug up after the flood, and delivered to mankind. Knowledge, in Babylon's own history of itself, is made to survive the water. Record: THE_FLOOD_TRADITIONS_OF_THE_NATIONS_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED — the fragments, carried by Syncellus. |
| Qin falls 207 BC; Liu Bang emperor 202 BC; the dynasty runs, with the Xin interruption (AD 9–23), to AD 220. | the Han Chinese, and the subject peoples of a reunified empire.. | Where: the Chinese plain and its frontiers, capital at Chang'an; an empire registered in AD 2 at some fifty-nine million persons (the *Hanshu* census figure — a registration, its coverage DEBATED). How they lived: at the excavated statutes (Zhangjiashan, c. 186 BC) and the tomb record: every household registered, land allotted by rank, taxes in grain, cash, labour and military service; courtyard farmsteads, iron-shod ploughs and oxen, granary towers, silk woven in household and state workshops. The war or conquest — and who did it: the civil war after Qin's collapse, won by Liu Bang, a village functionary, over Xiang Yu; thereafter Emperor Wu's long wars against the Xiongnu confederation of the steppe (cross-ref. the Steppe record). How they were killed: no single toll stands in the record for the founding wars — the toll is OWED. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED — the *Shiji* and *Hanshu*, China's own dynastic histories, and the excavated statutes. |
| Ashoka anointed c. 268 BC; Kalinga conquered in his eighth regnal year (c. 261 BC); the Major Rock Edicts carved in the years following. | the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka, and the people of Kalinga on India's east coast.. | Where: an empire from Kandahar (where Ashoka's edicts stand in Greek and Aramaic) to Karnataka; Kalinga on the Bay of Bengal. How they lived: by the edicts' own testimony of the reign after Kalinga — roads planted with shade trees and wells, medicinal herbs grown for men and cattle (Rock Edict 2), officers of *dhamma* over the peoples (Edict 5), and the king's command that no religion be honoured by condemning another (Edict 12). The war or conquest — and who did it: Ashoka's conquest of the independent Kalinga. How they were killed: by the king's own carved figures (Major Rock Edict 13, Hultzsch edition): 150,000 deported, 100,000 slain, “and many times as many those who died” — the king's own figures, printed as his, and followed in the same inscription by his repentance and his charge to his successors to count conquest by *dhamma* the only true conquest. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED — the edicts in stone at the standard edition; the figures the king's own. |
| c. 200–150 BC (the earliest copy of the Book of Watchers, 4QEnoch-a, dated by its editor J. T. Milik on palaeographic grounds) | The scribes whose library was deposited in the caves at Qumran by the Dead Sea | Where: The Judaean wilderness by the Dead Sea How they lived: A scribal community preserving a library in Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek; the life of the settlement stands in the wider Qumran record, owed at this entry's file level The war or conquest — and who did it: The library was hidden in the era of Rome's advance; the caves' deposit belongs to the first century BC–first century AD history of the site, not to the copying itself How they were killed: Not applicable to the copying — no killing attaches to this entry Outcome: The Aramaic Enoch — Book of Watchers included, the Book of Parables the one major section absent — survived in fragments in Cave 4, older by well over a millennium than any complete copy, and confirmed the antiquity of the book Ethiopia preserved Record: THE_WATCHERS_IN_THE_TEXTS_2026-10-28.md, §6, §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| c. 170–150 BC (scholarly range) | A Jewish author and his circle, retelling Genesis and Exodus as revelation given on Sinai | Where: The land of Israel in the Hasmonean era How they lived: Owed in this record at entry level The war or conquest — and who did it: No war attaches to the composition itself; the era is that of the Maccabean revolt and its aftermath How they were killed: Not applicable — no killing attaches to this entry Outcome: The Watchers stand reframed as angels sent to instruct the children of men who fell from their commission; the giants' spirits stand explained — nine parts bound, a tenth part left — and the retelling survives whole, like Enoch, in Ge'ez, with Hebrew fragments at Qumran Record: THE_WATCHERS_IN_THE_TEXTS_2026-10-28.md, §3, §7. | the text DOCUMENTED; its dating DEBATED. |
| sent 138 BC; returned 126 BC; second mission 119 BC. | the Han court of Emperor Wu; the Xiongnu who held him captive ten years; the Yuezhi, Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju and Daxia (Bactria) he reported on.. | Where: from Chang'an across the steppe corridor and the Pamirs to Bactria on the Oxus. How they lived: at Zhang Qian's own report (*Shiji* 123) — Bactria's people living in walled cities under Greek-descended kings, Fergana's towns and its “heavenly horses,” Parthia striking silver coins with the king's face: the west described to the Chinese court at first hand for the first time. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war in the mission itself — it sought, and failed to win, a Yuezhi alliance against the Xiongnu; the Han–Xiongnu wars frame it (cross-ref. the Steppe record). How they were killed: not a killing entry — of Zhang Qian's hundred men, he and his guide alone completed the round journey; the record names no death roll. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED — *Shiji* 123. |
| Built c. 150–100 BC (exact year DEBATED; a 205 BC epoch for its eclipse cycle has been proposed); the wreck c. 80–60 BC; recovered AD 1901. | An unknown Greek maker — astronomer and mechanic together — of the Hellenistic world; recovered by sponge divers off Antikythera. | Where: The Greek world of the eastern Mediterranean; the device was lost on a Roman-era cargo ship bound across that sea. How they lived: A world in which Babylonian period-relations and Greek geometry were both in circulation, and in which bronze gearing had reached a sophistication the written sources alone would never have suggested. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry; the loss was a shipwreck, not a battle. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths are recorded for this entry. Outcome: The Antikythera mechanism: at least thirty bronze gears in 82 surviving fragments, displaying sun and moon, the Metonic calendar and Saros eclipse predictions by dial and gear — the measured ruler beside every claim of impossible ancient knowledge. DOCUMENTED. Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED. |
ERA 1 — THE ANCIENT WORLD UNDER ROME (c. AD 1–313)
The record's ancient centuries belong to Rome: a nation in Judaea ground down across three wars, a conquered province in Dacia, and — from 64 to 313 — the persecution waves against the Christians, in which the Scriptures themselves were burned in the market-places.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| conquered city by city across the centuries before (Veii 396 BC; Volsinii 264 BC); the language extinct in the late 1st century BC / early 1st century AD. | the Etruscans. | Where: Tuscany and Latium, Italy. How they lived: a literate, city-building civilisation older than Rome, speaking a non-Indo-European language — the record's own description. The war or conquest — and who did it: Rome, city by city, across its rise. How they were killed: not killed as a people — absorbed into the Roman state, their language dwindling under Latin to extinction. Outcome: ABSORPTION. Ancient DNA (Posth et al. 2021) finds the Etruscans genetically indistinguishable from their Latin neighbours — the language was the survival from before the turnovers, and it died only under Rome. Filed as absorption at its exact level; not classed in the censuses. Record: TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §8. | DOCUMENTED (+ DOCUMENTED-SCIENCE) |
| AD 64, after the great fire of July. | the Christians of Rome. | Where: the city of Rome. How they lived: in households across the city, organised as named house-congregations a decade before the persecution: Paul's letter to the Romans (c. AD 57), ch. 16, greets the church in the house of Prisca and Aquila (tentmakers), the households of Aristobulus and of Narcissus, and group after group by name — a poor and slave-and-freed network, “not many wise, not many noble” by its own account, meeting in homes, since no Christian building yet existed anywhere. Tacitus, the hostile witness (*Annals* 15.44), confirms a “huge multitude” of them in Rome by 64. The war or conquest — and who did it: the emperor Nero, fixing the blame for the fire on the Christians to deflect the rumour that he had set it himself. How they were killed: crucified; sewn in animal skins and torn by dogs; burned alive as torches in Nero's gardens — Tacitus, Annals 15.44, a pagan senator who despised the Christians, which makes his witness to the persecution itself the stronger. Of numbers he gives none: multitudo ingens, "a huge multitude"; the persecution was local to the city. Peter's death inside it is carried by 1 Clement ch. 5 (a held text) and the early tradition; the exact day (13 October 64, in the owner's provided book, following Guarducci) is TRADITION. Outcome: the people standing — the first wave of a persecution that ran, in waves, for 250 years (see 155, 177, 203, 250, 257–260, 303). Record: ROME_BARBARBARIANS_PERSECUTION_RESEARCH.md §2.3(1). The owner's teaching of 300,000 killed within the first two years after the crucifixion stands at this file's head in his Rome file classed OWNER'S TEACHING, and is triangulated there (§3): no Roman-era source counts it, the movement did not yet number it in the window named, and the era's vast counted dead in the surviving sources are the Jewish nation, at the next entries. | DOCUMENTED |
| AD 70. | the Jewish nation in Judaea. | Where: Jerusalem and Judaea, in their own land. How they lived: a Temple-centred pilgrim city (Josephus, *Jewish War* and *Antiquities*, with the excavated record): its economy built on the Temple service, the three pilgrim festivals drawing Jews from a worldwide diaspora, and the crafts of a capital; ritual baths and stone vessels in ordinary houses — the purity regime in material form — , an upper city of great mansions (the Herodian Quarter and Burnt House finds) beside crowded lower quarters of artisans and traders, all of it governed by priestly and council authorities under a Roman prefect. The war or conquest — and who did it: Rome — Titus, of the Flavian dynasty; the Temple burned. How they were killed: in the siege and its famine. Josephus — an eyewitness who served the Roman command — gives 1,100,000 dead and 97,000 captives (Jewish War 6.420–421); Tacitus gives 600,000 besieged (Histories 5.13). Both are the authors' figures: modern historians generally judge Josephus's totals far beyond the city's plausible population, and the figures are printed as his and Tacitus's, not adopted as counts; the catastrophe itself is not in doubt. Outcome: the Temple destroyed; the nation scattered wider across the world; the people standing in diaspora. The war's treasure built the next entry's arena. Record: ROME file §§2.1, 3. | the catastrophe DOCUMENTED; the figures the authors' own, DEBATED as counts |
| begun c. AD 70–72; dedicated AD 80. | no people — the arena itself, named in the owner's teaching; entered here so the chronology carries exactly what the record does and does not say about it. | How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: built by Vespasian and dedicated by his son Titus — the dynasty that had burned the Temple ten years before. Its lost dedicatory inscription, reconstructed from its dowel holes by Alföldy (1995), reads that the amphitheatre was made ex manubiis — "from the spoils"; the identification of the spoils as Jerusalem's (the triumph of 71, the Temple vessels carved on the Arch of Titus) is the strong scholarly consensus, classed DOCUMENTED by reconstruction and consensus, with the mechanism named. The claim that Jewish captives' labour built it is inference, not attestation (DEBATED). How they were killed: no ancient source places any Christian's execution in this arena. The documented arena martyrdoms of the record stand elsewhere — Lyons in 177 and Carthage in 203 (below). The Colosseum's veneration as martyrs' ground is TRADITION, fixed by Benedict XIV's consecration of 1749–50. Outcome: the building stands; its financing stands in this record as a monument of Jerusalem's destruction, paid from the Temple's treasure. Record: ROME file §2.1–2.2. | DOCUMENTED (the building and its funding, at the levels stated); the martyrs-in-this-arena TRADITION |
| Trajan's two wars, AD 101–102 and 105–106; the province abandoned by Aurelian c. 271. | the Dacians, the kingdom of Decebalus. | Where: Dacia — modern Romania. How they lived: a tribal kingdom of farming and stock-raising villages under a king (Strabo 7.3 on the Dacians), its people working the gold and silver of the Transylvanian mountains and trading down the Danube, its strength gathered in a chain of mountain fortresses around the royal and sacred capital Sarmizegetusa Regia — excavated with its temples, sanctuaries, workshops and water systems — the hill-fort world Trajan's Column shows Rome fighting through. The war or conquest — and who did it: Rome under Trajan — Rome's one great annexation of the era, celebrated on Trajan's Column. How they were killed: the wars' human cost stands in the Roman record; no toll is carried in this record — the toll is OWED. Outcome: absorption with losses — the province thoroughly Romanised; Rome in Europe generally absorbed, and Dacia stands in the Dispersion file as the hardest European case, a different ledger from the Americas census. Not classed in the censuses. Record: ROME file §1.4; TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §8. | DOCUMENTED |
| AD 105. | the Han court and its bureaucracy; the official Cai Lun.. | Where: Luoyang, the Eastern Han capital; the empire the bamboo-strip archive administered. How they lived: an administration written on bamboo bundles and silk — heavy, costly, and the reason a cheap writing material mattered; the Mawangdui tombs (closed 168 BC) held a great family's whole library on those older materials. The war or conquest — and who did it: none — this is a technology entry. How they were killed: not a killing entry — no deaths attach. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED — *Hou Hanshu* 78; the earlier finds' status DEBATED. |
| AD 115–117. | the Jewish communities of Cyrenaica, Egypt and Cyprus — and the peoples killed in the rising. | Where: Cyrene, Egypt, Cyprus — the eastern diaspora. How they lived: as rooted civic communities of the eastern cities — at Alexandria, the best documented (Philo, *In Flaccum* and *Legatio*, an eyewitness): two of the city's five quarters Jewish, synagogues throughout it, an ethnarch governing the community's affairs, Jews in the trades, the gymnasium and the courts — a people centuries settled in Cyrene, Egypt and Cyprus when the revolt came, which is why its suppression unmade whole urban worlds, not armies in the field. The war or conquest — and who did it: the diaspora's revolt against Rome, and Rome's suppression of it. How they were killed: Dio (68.32) gives 220,000 killed by rebels in Cyrene and 240,000 in Cyprus — Dio's figures, printed as his, of the Jewish war's convulsions; the revolt was then crushed. Outcome: not separately classed in this record — the entry stands for the scale of the era's convulsions, at its source's exact weight. Record: ROME file §3. | the event DOCUMENTED; the figures the author's own (DEBATED as counts) |
| AD 132–135. | the Jewish nation in Judaea. | Where: Judaea, in their own land. How they lived: a village society of farmers and smallholders, visible in wartime in its own paperwork — the Bar Kokhba letters and the Babatha archive from the Judaean desert caves (DOCUMENTED papyri): leases of date groves, requisitions of grain and cattle, tithes accounted, the Sabbath enforced by the commander's own orders, lulav and etrog requisitioned for Sukkot — an agrarian people administering itself, in Aramaic and Hebrew, through the revolt's three years. The war or conquest — and who did it: Rome under Hadrian, against the revolt of Bar Kokhba. How they were killed: Dio (69.14) records 580,000 slain in raids and battles, 985 villages and 50 outposts razed, and the dead by famine, disease and fire "past finding out." Dio's figure carries a live scholarly dispute, printed both sides: long-standing skepticism of his numbers, answered in 2021 by Raviv and Ben David's archaeological reassessment concluding his demographic data rest on contemporaneous documentation. Outcome: Judaea ground down across the third of Rome's three Jewish wars; the nation standing in diaspora. Record: ROME file §3. | the war DOCUMENTED; the figure DEBATED |
| c. AD 155 — the year DEBATED (the scholarly range runs 155–167 and beyond). | the Christians of Smyrna; their bishop Polycarp. | Where: Smyrna, in Asia Minor. How they lived: a small, poor congregation in a great pagan port city — its own scripture's letter to Smyrna (Revelation 2:8–11) speaks of its poverty and its conflict with the synagogue; the *Martyrdom* shows its texture before the arrest: the aged bishop withdrawn to a small country estate, praying “day and night for all men and for the churches throughout the world,” a household with servants, one of whom, a boy, broke under torture and betrayed the hiding place. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — the local machinery of the second-century regime, under which Christians brought before a court who refused to sacrifice were punished (Trajan's rescript to Pliny, c. 112: not to be hunted out; anonymous accusations void; the obstinate punished). How they were killed: Polycarp was burned at the stake in the stadium of Smyrna — the Martyrdom of Polycarp, the earliest surviving martyr account, a text the owner holds. Outcome: the people standing. Record: ROME file §2.3(2). | DOCUMENTED (the text and the death); the date DEBATED |
| AD 177. | the Christians of Lyons and Vienne in Gaul — Blandina among them. | Where: the Rhône valley, Gaul. How they lived: a congregation of householders, slaves and freedpeople in two Rhône trading cities — in the letter the churches sent east, preserved by Eusebius (*HE* 5.1): Blandina a slave and her mistress fellow-prisoners, Sanctus a deacon of Vienne, the community first shut out by decree from baths, markets and every public place — social death administered before the arrests in the marketplace, the persecution of a known, neighbourly minority, not of strangers. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — local persecution under the second-century regime. How they were killed: in the amphitheatre at Lyons — a documented arena martyrdom (Eusebius, Church History 5.1). Outcome: the people standing. Record: ROME file §2.2. | DOCUMENTED |
| AD 203. | the Christians of Carthage — Perpetua and Felicity named. | Where: Carthage, North Africa. How they lived: as Perpetua's own prison diary — the earliest surviving writing by a Christian woman — shows from inside: a well-born young catechumen, nursing her infant son, visited and pleaded with by her pagan father, her deacons bribing the guards to move the prisoners to a better part of the prison; Felicity, a slave, eight months pregnant in the same cells; a Carthaginian congregation of converts across the orders of society, gathered round its prisoners with food, visits and prayer. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — local persecution. How they were killed: in the arena at Carthage — their Passion is a surviving near-contemporary record. Outcome: the people standing. Record: ROME file §2.2. | DOCUMENTED |
| the Yellow Turban rising AD 184; the last emperor's abdication AD 220. | the Han Chinese; the religious mass movement of Zhang Jue; the regional commanders who became warlords.. | Where: the whole empire, from the capital Luoyang to the provinces the court ceased to govern. How they lived: in the dynasty's last decades as in its statutes — registered farming households under gathering land concentration, great estates absorbing the smallholders the tax and service system rested on (§5 of the record). The war or conquest — and who did it: civil war — the dynasty suppressed the rising only by arming regional commanders who kept their armies; Dong Zhuo seized the capital; a generation of warlord wars followed. How they were killed: in the wars and the famines that followed them; no toll stands in this record — the toll is OWED. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED — the *Hou Hanshu* (compiled 5th c. from earlier histories; its distance labelled). |
| AD 250. | the Christians of the whole empire. | Where: every province of Rome. How they lived: an organised, public church in every city — bishops, clergy, catechumens and crowds worshipping in its own buildings and burying in its own cemeteries, which is what the edict found and struck (Cyprian, *On the Lapsed* and his letters); at Rome the church was also the city's welfare machine: Cornelius's clergy list, preserved by Eusebius (*HE* 6.43, c. 251), counts 46 presbyters, 7 deacons, and more than fifteen hundred widows and distressed persons on its support. The war or conquest — and who did it: the emperor Decius — an edict requiring every inhabitant to sacrifice before official witnesses and obtain a certificate (libellus; dozens survive on Egyptian papyrus). How they were killed: bishops died — Fabian of Rome among the first; Origen was tortured and died of it. The edict's greater harvest was the lapsed — the mass who complied, bought certificates, or fled, whose readmission split the church. No ancient count of the executed exists. Outcome: the people standing. Record: ROME file §2.3(3). | DOCUMENTED |
| AD 257–260. | the Christians of the empire — the clergy first. | Where: every province of Rome. How they lived: as the edicts' own targets describe: bishops governing their churches by letter across the provinces (Cyprian's correspondence from exile), assemblies meeting and cemeteries kept as the church's public footprint — both specifically forbidden in 257 — and church property worth an empire's confiscating: funds, plate and burial grounds held for the congregation and its poor. The “little peace” after 260 restored the property; the institution Valerian struck was never again a merely private one. The war or conquest — and who did it: the emperor Valerian — two edicts: clergy to sacrifice on pain of exile, then death; assemblies and cemetery visits forbidden; church property, and the property of Christian senators and officials, confiscated. How they were killed: Cyprian of Carthage beheaded in 258; Sixtus II of Rome executed the same year. Outcome: the persecution ended by catastrophe, not repentance — Valerian marched east and was captured alive by Shapur I of Persia in 260 (the eastern front and the persecution record meet in one event); his son Gallienus restored Christian property, opening the "little peace of the church," c. 260–303. Record: ROME file §§1.4, 2.3(4). | DOCUMENTED |
| AD 303–313. | the Christians of the empire, above all in the East. | Where: every province; enforcement fiercest in the East under Galerius and Maximinus Daia, lightest in Gaul and Britain. How they lived: on the eve of the edicts, in Eusebius's own description (*HE* 8.1): a church grown large, public and favoured — Christians in high office and in governors' households, and in every city new churches “of vast size” rising because the old buildings would no longer hold the congregations. That is why the persecution of 303 is a record of buildings razed, congregations' scriptures burned in market-places and clergy arrested en masse: it struck an established institution, not a hidden sect. The war or conquest — and who did it: the emperor Diocletian and his colleagues. On 23 February 303 the great church at Nicomedia, in sight of the palace, was demolished and its scriptures burned; the next day the first edict: churches everywhere to be razed, the Scriptures to be destroyed by fire, Christians of rank degraded, household slaves barred from freedom. Further edicts arrested all clergy (303) and finally (304) ordered universal sacrifice. How they were killed: Eusebius, an eyewitness, saw "the divine and sacred Scriptures committed to the flames in the midst of the market-places" (Church History 8.2) — the Bible-burning of the owner's teaching, document, not legend, with the precision that what burned were the congregations' codices and rolls, the canon not yet one bound book. Of the human dead, no ancient author counts them; Eusebius names them person by person. Modern scholarly estimates for the whole empire are commonly placed in the low thousands — a DEBATED modern estimate range, not a count. Outcome: the people standing. Galerius, dying, revoked the persecution (Edict of Toleration, 311); the settlement of Milan (313) made Christianity legal and ordered confiscated property restored — and the era of the persecutions closed. Record: ROME file §2.3(5). | DOCUMENTED |
ERA 2 — THE LONG MIDDLE (AD 313–1491)
The built record's middle centuries are nearly empty, and the emptiness is printed rather than padded: what the record holds between Milan and the Canaries is Europe absorbing its own first peoples — by union, by migration, by language-death — endings of names and tongues inside peoples who did not die. Then, in 1402, the Atlantic rehearsals begin.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| the Gothic crossing of the Danube AD 376; the battle 9 August 378. | the Goths, admitted as refugees fleeing the Huns; the eastern Roman army of the emperor Valens.. | Where: the Goths settled, and starved, in Thrace inside the frontier; the battle near Adrianople. How they lived: the admitted Goths under Roman officials who, Ammianus records (31.4–5), profiteered from their starvation — dog-meat traded for Gothic children sold into slavery — until the revolt the abuse made. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Gothic revolt against that treatment, met by Valens in person before the western army could join him. How they were killed: the eastern field army destroyed in a day's fighting and the emperor killed on the field — his body never found; Ammianus (31.13) compares the defeat only to Cannae. No count stands in Ammianus; none is adopted here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED — Ammianus Marcellinus, Book 31, a serving officer of the era. |
| dedicated 11 May AD 330. | the eastern Roman Empire and its new capital's population of Romans, Greeks and the empire's peoples.. | Where: Constantinople, on the strait where Europe meets Asia; the empire from the Danube and the Euphrates to Egypt. How they lived: a New Rome with its own senate, Egyptian grain supply, fora and churches; in the following century the Theodosian Walls (c. 413), a state-salaried university (425, *Cod. Theod.* 14.9.3), and the law codified in the *Codex Theodosianus* (438); the city's population in the several hundred thousands is an estimate — DEBATED as a figure. The war or conquest — and who did it: none — a foundation entry; Constantine's choice of Byzantion's site is the act. How they were killed: not a killing entry — no deaths attach. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED — the legal record and the city's standing remains. |
| the Gupta era's epoch, conventionally AD 320; Samudragupta r. c. 335–375; Chandragupta II r. c. 375–415. | the Guptas and the peoples of northern India; the empire's subjects as the pilgrim Faxian saw them (c. 399–414).. | Where: the Ganges plain from Pataliputra, at its height to the Indus approaches and the Deccan's edge. How they lived: at Faxian's first-hand record (ch. 16): numerous and happy people, households unregistered, the king governing without capital or corporal punishment, fines instead; tillers of royal land paying a portion of the produce — a pilgrim's admiring eye, labelled as such. The war or conquest — and who did it: Samudragupta's campaigns the length of India, listed in his Allahabad pillar *prashasti* by Harishena — carved on a pillar of Ashoka's, one shaft carrying both empires. How they were killed: no toll stands in the record for the Gupta campaigns — the toll is OWED. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED — the *prashasti* at Fleet's edition and Faxian. |
| c. AD 330–356 (Ezana's conventional reign dates in the Ezana Stone literature) | the people of the Kingdom of Aksum, northern Ethiopian–Eritrean highlands. | Where: Aksum and its highlands, with the Red Sea port at Adulis — a trading state linking the African interior with Arabia, the Mediterranean and India How they lived: A sovereign monetary state minting its own coinage in gold, silver and bronze with royal inscriptions; Ge'ez, the language of its inscriptions, remained the Ethiopian church's liturgical and scholarly language for well over a millennium The war or conquest — and who did it: No conquest of Aksum attaches to this entry; Ezana's own inscriptions document his campaigns, including against Kush (Meroë) around c. 350 How they were killed: Not a killing entry — the entry records a conversion and its evidence: Ezana's earlier inscriptions carry pre-Christian symbols (disc and crescent), his later ones the cross; Rufinus names the king Ezana, the Ethiopian Synaxarium tradition names the royal converts Abreha and Atsbeha — the two namings are shown, not merged Outcome: OWED Record: Africa continental dossier §3.1 (study_materials/world_true_history/africa/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md); class page /class-africa-continent-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED (the two namings of the conversion carried as the dossier carries them). |
| From late antiquity until AD 1773 (DOCUMENTED as the record carries it) | The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church — its scribes, clergy and faithful | Where: The Ethiopian highlands How they lived: A church keeping its canon in Ge'ez, copying its scriptures by hand across the centuries — 1 Enoch and Jubilees among them, as canon The war or conquest — and who did it: No single conquest attaches to the survival; elsewhere the book stopped being copied and the complete text was lost to the West and most of the East, surviving in Greek only in fragments and quotations How they were killed: Not applicable — this entry records a preservation, not a killing Outcome: The whole book survived in one land alone; every complete modern edition descends from Ethiopian manuscripts Record: THE_WATCHERS_IN_THE_TEXTS_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 24–27 August AD 410. | the Visigoths under Alaric — Arian Christians who had held Roman command and demanded land, pay and standing; the population of Rome.. | Where: Rome — no longer the imperial capital (the court sat at Ravenna), still the empire's greatest city and its symbol. How they lived: Rome's people in the city's churches found the sack's one protection: by the Goths' orders the great basilicas stood as sanctuaries and those who fled to them were spared (Orosius 7.39–40). The war or conquest — and who did it: Alaric's third march on Rome in two years of failed negotiation with the court of Honorius; the city entered by the Salarian Gate. How they were killed: in three days of sack — killing, enslavement and plunder, at a scale the sources grieve but do not count; Jerome from Bethlehem (*Ep.* 127.12): “in one city the whole world perished” — grief and rhetoric, labelled both. No toll is adopted. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED — Orosius, Jerome, Augustine; no toll in the sources. |
| the adventus Saxonum, c. AD 450–700 — after Rome's withdrawal from Britain (the rescript of 410 told the cities to defend themselves). | the Britons of lowland Britain. | Where: the island south of the Highlands, speaking Brittonic — the language ancestral to Welsh, Cornish and Breton. How they lived: A hall-centred society of kin-groups and lordship: free farming households working open fields, woodland pasture and marsh, owing service and food-renders to a lord whose hall was court, treasury and feast-place at once. The record of their living stands in Bede's pages, in the earliest English law codes (Æthelberht of Kent's, c. 602, in English), and in the ground — cremation and furnished cemeteries, sunken-floored farm buildings, and at Sutton Hoo (c. 625) a ship buried with Byzantine silver and Frankish coins: a farming people already wired into the North Sea world. By the period's end their kingdoms were Christian, literate in Latin and English, and minting coin. (DOCUMENTED — Bede, *Ecclesiastical History*; the law codes; the Sutton Hoo excavation record.) The war or conquest — and who did it: no single conquest — the migration of Angles, Saxons, Jutes and their kin across the North Sea: whole families, not only warbands. How they were killed: no extermination stands in any record. Ancient DNA (Gretzinger et al., Nature 2022) finds early medieval people in eastern England deriving up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone — with individuals of 100% local ancestry buried in the same cemeteries: intermarriage, not a wipeout. The older "total replacement" telling is superseded by the genomes. Outcome: ABSORPTION under heavy migration — the Brittonic language vanished from the lowlands almost entire, the people persisted in large part inside the English, and their polities survived in the west: Wales above all. Present-day English ancestry carries the continental component at 25–47%, falling westward and northward. Record: TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §7. | DOCUMENTED-SCIENCE; the community-by-community mechanism DEBATED |
| 4 September AD 476 (Marcellinus Comes, *Chronicle*, s.a. 476). | the western Roman state; Odoacer, the Germanic officer who deposed Romulus Augustulus; Italy's Roman population, Senate and church.. | Where: Italy, governed from Ravenna; the eastern empire untouched at Constantinople. How they lived: Romanly, after as before — law, Senate, consulship, coinage and grain supply running on under Odoacer, then under Theoderic's Ostrogothic kingdom (from 493), whose court letters (Cassiodorus, *Variae*) show a Gothic king running a Roman state. The war or conquest — and who did it: no sack, no battle for Rome — a deposition and a pension; the imperial insignia sent east to Constantinople. How they were killed: not a killing entry — the deposition itself was bloodless in the record. Outcome: OWED | DOCUMENTED — Marcellinus Comes and the legal-administrative record. *Record: THE_CLASSICAL_WORLD_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §7.* # ERA 1 "HOW THEY LIVED" FILLS (11) — each fill is DOCUMENTED at the source named inside it; evidence notes at §8 of the research file. |
| 4 September AD 476. | the peoples of the western Roman provinces, and the eastern Romans who received the regalia.. | Where: The Latin West, from Britain (already lost to the empire) to Italy and North Africa. How they lived: Under successor kings ruling through Roman law, Roman cities, bishops and tax systems — Theodoric's Ostrogothic Italy (493–526) governed deliberately through Roman institutions (Cassiodorus, *Variae*). The war or conquest — and who did it: No conquest in the year itself — the Germanic commander Odoacer deposed the last western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, and sent the imperial regalia to Constantinople (Marcellinus Comes). How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no sack or massacre attaches to 476 in the record. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §1. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Reign of Justinian I, AD 527–565; Code 529/534, Digest and Institutes 533; Hagia Sophia dedicated 27 December 537; Africa retaken 533–534, Italy 535–554. | the Romans of the eastern empire — its jurists, builders, soldiers and subjects — and the Vandal and Ostrogothic kingdoms displaced.. | Where: Constantinople and the eastern provinces; the reconquered Africa and Italy. How they lived: Under the *Corpus Juris Civilis*, the codification of Roman law from which much of later European law descends; in a capital rebuilt after the Nika riots of 532, crowned by Hagia Sophia (Procopius, *Buildings*). The war or conquest — and who did it: Justinian's general Belisarius retook North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths — Italy at ruinous length through siege and famine. How they were killed: In the Italian war's sieges and the famine and plague that travelled with it, uncounted in the record carried here; Procopius's *Wars* is the first-hand witness. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| First outbreak AD 541–544; recurrences into the mid-8th century. | the peoples of the Mediterranean and Near Eastern worlds — Romans, Persians, and every people on their trade roads.. | Where: From Egypt, where the record first places it, through Constantinople, Syria, Persia and the sea-lanes west. How they lived: In cities whose burial systems the first outbreak overwhelmed — Procopius (*Wars* II.22) and John of Ephesus describe the dead, the mass graves and the stopped markets at first hand. The war or conquest — and who did it: No human agent — a pandemic, recurring in waves. How they were killed: By plague, in numbers the record does not securely hold: the chroniclers' peak figures (Procopius's up to 10,000 a day at Constantinople) are a witness's numbers, and the demographic total is DEBATED — recent scholarship (Mordechai et al. 2019) argues it was long overstated. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED (the outbreaks and their witnesses); the mortality DEBATED. |
| AD 552. | the Türk under Bumin of the Ashina clan, and the peoples gathered into their khaganate. | Where: the Mongolian steppe first, then, within a generation, the whole grassland from Manchuria to the Black Sea. How they lived: as herding, horse-archer confederations under a khagan, trading through Sogdian merchants, dealing with Persia and Byzantium as equals; their successors raised the Orkhon runic inscriptions, the steppe's first literature in its own words. The war or conquest — and who did it: Bumin overthrew the Rouran khaganate in 552; the khaganate later split into eastern and western wings, the eastern falling to Tang China in 630 and rising again in 682. How they were killed: in the wars of the khaganates' making and unmaking, uncounted in the record carried here; no extermination of a people is recorded in this entry. Outcome: the Turkic languages spread across the whole steppe — the linguistic ground of most of its peoples today — and the Khazar, Bulgar and Uyghur successor states carried the pattern forward. Record: THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| c. AD 750–950; Tikal's last dated monument 869; the last Long Count date at Toniná, 909. | the Maya city-states of the southern lowlands — Tikal, Calakmul, Palenque, Copán and their world.. | Where: The lowland cities of what is now Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and southern Mexico; the northern cities (Chichén Itzá, Uxmal) flourished as the south emptied. How they lived: At their height in intensive farming — terraces, raised wetland fields, reservoirs against the dry season — ruled by dynasties whose wars and accessions stand carved in dated inscriptions; LiDAR survey estimates the Late Classic central lowlands at roughly 7–11 million people (survey-based estimates). The war or conquest — and who did it: No outside conqueror — the inscriptions themselves record intensifying warfare among the city-states through the 8th century. How they were killed: The cities were abandoned over generations, not destroyed in a day: the present scholarly consensus is multi-causal — severe droughts DOCUMENTED in lake and cave climate records (rainfall falls of roughly 40–55% in the Chichancanab record), pressing on strained ecology and escalating war until divine kingship itself failed. Deaths are uncounted; the Maya people did not die — their kingdoms stood into 1697 and millions of Maya live today. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED (the inscriptions and the abandonment); the causes' weighting DEBATED, the multi-causal consensus carried. |
| Reign AD 871–899; Edington 878; Æthelstan, first king of a united England, 927. | the West Saxons and the English of the kingdoms the great army had taken.. | Where: Wessex, the last English kingdom standing, behind its new chain of fortified burhs. How they lived: Under Alfred's rebuilding — burhs, a navy, a law code, and a court programme of translation into English, begun because, in his own preface's words, learning had decayed; the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*, begun in his circle, kept the record in the people's own tongue. The war or conquest — and who did it: The great heathen army conquered the other English kingdoms; Alfred defeated it at Edington (878) and contained the Danelaw by treaty and fortress. How they were killed: In the wars of the conquest and the resistance, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED (Bede for the kingdoms before; the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle* and Asser for Alfred). |
| August AD 843. | the Franks of Charlemagne's empire, divided among his grandsons Lothair, Louis and Charles.. | Where: A western share becoming France, an eastern becoming Germany, and a middle kingdom between them. How they lived: Under three kings where their grandfathers had one emperor — the Carolingian order of schools, capitularies and counts continuing under divided crowns. The war or conquest — and who did it: No outside conquest — a partition after civil war among Charlemagne's heirs, sealed by the Strasbourg Oaths of 842 (recorded in Old French and Old High German, the ancestor tongues swearing side by side). How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a division by treaty. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Lindisfarne raided 8 June AD 793 (the *Anglo-Saxon Chronicle*; Alcuin's letters); the great army in England from 865; Normandy granted 911; Iceland settled from c. 870; Greenland c. 985. | the Northmen of Scandinavia; the peoples they raided, fought, traded with and settled among — English, Irish, Franks, Rus' and Slavs.. | Where: From their Scandinavian homelands out to the Danelaw in England, Normandy in Francia, the river roads to the Black Sea, Iceland and Greenland. How they lived: As raiders who became armies, then settlers, farmers and princes — Normandy's dukes French-speaking Christians within generations, keeping the sea-energy of their fathers. The war or conquest — and who did it: Seaborne raiding turned conquest: the great heathen army (865) took Northumbria, East Anglia and half of Mercia; only Alfred's Wessex stood (Edington, 878). How they were killed: Lindisfarne's monks in the first raid, in the victims' own annals and letters; thereafter the wars' dead on all sides, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED (the contemporary annals of the peoples met); the Northmen's own sagas, written 12th–13th centuries, carried as Tradition. |
| Reign AD 768–814; Lombard Italy taken 774; Saxon wars 772–804; Verden 782; imperial coronation, Rome, Christmas Day 800. | the Franks and the peoples of their empire — Lombards, Saxons, Bavarians, Avars and the Roman populations of Gaul and Italy.. | Where: From the Pyrenees to Saxony and Italy — the West's first empire since Rome. How they lived: Under capitularies and royal messengers, church schools ordered by the *Admonitio Generalis* (789), corrected texts and the new Caroline minuscule — the Carolingian renewal of learning under scholars such as Alcuin of York (the Royal Frankish Annals; Einhard's *Life*). The war or conquest — and who did it: Charlemagne conquered Lombard Italy, broke the Avars, and subdued Saxony in thirty years of war, forced baptism and deportation. How they were killed: In the Saxon wars above all — the Royal Frankish Annals record 4,500 Saxon prisoners executed at Verden in 782 (the figure is the annals' own; a revised annal text lowers it, and it is carried as the annals' record). Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| December AD 755 to 763. | the Tang empire's peoples; the rebel cause of An Lushan, a frontier general of Sogdian-Turkic origin commanding the northeastern armies, and his successors An Qingxu, Shi Siming and Shi Chaoyi.. | Where: Northern China above all — Luoyang and Chang'an both taken; the court fled to Sichuan. How they lived: Before the war, in the cosmopolitan Tang order of Chang'an; after it, under hereditary military governors in the northeast whom the court never again governed. The war or conquest — and who did it: A civil war inside the Tang — rebel frontier armies against the court, the capitals retaken with Uyghur cavalry hired at a heavy price. How they were killed: In eight years of war, famine and siege — at Suiyang (757) the *Old Book of Tang* records a starving garrison and a city that ate its dead and then its people rather than surrender. The registered population falls from c. 53 million (755) to c. 17 million (764): DOCUMENTED as registered figures; how much is death and how much a broken census is DEBATED (older readings to c. 36 million dead). Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED; the death figure DEBATED. |
| Abbasid revolution AD 750; Baghdad founded by al-Mansur 762; translation movement at full stretch under al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) and his successors. | the Abbasid caliphs; Persian administrators and scholars; the translators — Hunayn ibn Ishaq and his circle first among them; al-Khwarizmi (c. 780–850).. | Where: Baghdad, the round City of Peace on the Tigris, within generations among the largest cities on earth. How they lived: In a civilisation of Arabic learning jointly made by Arabs, Persians and every people inside it — Greek, Persian and Indian books translated at caliphal expense; algebra named from al-Khwarizmi's *Kitab al-Jabr*; his Latinised name giving "algorithm." The war or conquest — and who did it: The Abbasids took power by revolution against the Umayyads (750); their age's wars were frontier wars, not the entry's subject. How they were killed: In the revolution's killings of the Umayyad house, recorded by the historians; no general figure is carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED; the House of Wisdom's scale as a formal academy DEBATED (Gutas 1998). |
| AD 661–750; Karbala 680; Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 691–692; Iberia from 711; Sindh 711–713; Constantinople besieged and held 674–678 and 717–718. | the Umayyad caliphs and the peoples of an empire from Iberia to Central Asia.. | Where: Ruled from Damascus; governed in Arabic after Abd al-Malik's reforms, on reformed coinage (696–697). How they lived: A subject world of Muslim rulers over Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian majorities, administered increasingly in Arabic; non-Arab converts (*mawali*) held below Arab privilege — a grievance the record keeps. The war or conquest — and who did it: Umayyad armies took North Africa, Iberia (Tariq ibn Ziyad, from 711) and Transoxiana; in 680 the caliph's forces killed Husayn, the Prophet's grandson, at Karbala — the martyrdom at the heart of Shia Islam. How they were killed: In the conquests and the civil wars of the house, uncounted in the record carried here; Husayn's small party at Karbala is the record's named killing. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| AD 632–661, under the first caliphs: Yarmouk and Qadisiyya 636; Egypt 639–642; Nihavand 642; the last Sasanian shah killed 651. | the Arab armies of the caliphate; the Roman, Persian and subject peoples of the lands taken.. | Where: Syria, Iraq, the Persian plateau, Egypt — the Near East entire. How they lived: After the conquest, under the order al-Baladhuri records town by town in the *Futuh al-Buldan*: many towns by treaty (*sulh*), keeping property, worship and churches for a tax; subject peoples as protected communities (*dhimmi*) under their own religious heads. The war or conquest — and who did it: The caliphate's armies under Abu Bakr, Umar and their successors defeated the Romans in Syria and Egypt and ended the Sasanian Empire entire. How they were killed: In the great battles and the sieges, uncounted in the record carried here; the conquest's own record distinguishes treaty from storm. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| First revelations traditionally AD 610; the Hijra to Medina 622 (year 1 of the Islamic calendar); Mecca taken 630; Muhammad died at Medina 632. | Muhammad of the Quraysh of Mecca, his first followers, and the tribes of western Arabia.. | Where: Mecca and Medina in the Hijaz, western Arabia. How they lived: The Medinan community as a covenant-bound polity under the Prophet — the Qur'an recited and, within a generation of his death, gathered in its standard written form. The war or conquest — and who did it: The Medinan community fought Mecca and opposing tribes through the 620s; Mecca itself was taken in 630 largely without bloodshed in the tradition's telling. How they were killed: In the battles of the Medinan years, in the tradition's own counts small hundreds; no general figure is carried beyond the sources. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED in the Islamic sources (Qur'an; Ibn Ishaq's *Sira*; al-Tabari) with near-contemporary non-Muslim witnesses (Syriac notices; Sebeos) for the outline; particulars of the life DEBATED in the scholarship and carried as such. |
| AD 589 (Sui founded 581; Grand Canal works 604–610; Sui fell 618; Tang founded 618). | the peoples of a divided China — northern dynasties of mixed steppe and Chinese houses, southern dynasties across the Yangtze.. | Where: The whole of China, north and south, rejoined under one throne. How they lived: Under a reunified tax, law and canal order — the Grand Canal bound the Yangtze rice country to the northern capitals; the system, rebuilt across dynasties, still runs. The war or conquest — and who did it: Sui Wendi's armies took the southern Chen in 589; the Sui then broke themselves on Yangdi's failed Goguryeo campaigns (612–614), and the Li house took the throne as Tang in 618. How they were killed: In the conquest of the south and the Goguryeo disasters, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 869–883 CE — fourteen years. | East African enslaved labourers (the Zanj) carried through the Indian Ocean trade to southern Iraq.. | Where: Southern Iraq, in the Abbasid Caliphate; the revolt held Basra. How they lived: As enslaved labourers in southern Iraq — the dossier carries their condition as enslaved labour, and no fuller account of their daily life; the rest is OWED. The war or conquest — and who did it: The enslaved rose in revolt and resisted the Abbasid Caliphate for fourteen years. How they were killed: OWED — the dossier carries no toll or manner-of-death figure for the revolt. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/slave_trades/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, §3.1 [ZANJ]. | DOCUMENTED |
| from the reign of Domnall mac Causantín (889–900), when outsiders begin to name the realm Alba rather than the Picts'; fully Gaelicised by the 11th–12th century. | the Picts — Rome's Picti, the painted people beyond the walls. | Where: eastern and northern Scotland — unconquered through the Roman centuries, their kingdoms still powers when Gaelic Scots settled the west. How they lived: Farming townships of the eastern and northern lowlands and coasts: mixed grain and cattle husbandry from small settlements, brochs' successor strongholds and hillforts above them, and a lordship of kings whose power the carved record displays — the Pictish symbol stones, and later the great cross-slabs, stand as the people's own public art, their meanings still debated. Monasteries of the Columban network reached Pictland from Iona; Adomnán's *Life of Columba* shows Pictish kings, druids in the text's word *magi*, and farmers at first hand. (DOCUMENTED at general level — archaeology; Adomnán; the symbol-stone corpus.) The war or conquest — and who did it: none. Their ending came by union and Gaelicisation, not by war. How they were killed: they were not. No massacre, expulsion, or replacement of the Pictish population stands in any record; Pictish-period burials, genetically sampled (Morez et al. 2023), show a local population in long continuity with Iron Age Britain — the Picts were the north's own people, still there when their name and language were gone. Outcome: ABSORPTION — polity and language gone, the people did not die. The language's nature is DEBATED (the older non-Indo-European view against Forsyth's now-prevailing Brittonic "Pritenic" case); either way it died by absorption into a neighbouring kin-culture. Record: TRACKING_THE_DISPERSION.md §7. | DOCUMENTED (the absorption); the language DEBATED |
| Reign AD 976–1025; Bulgaria annexed by 1018; Cyril and Methodios's Moravian mission 863 and the Rus' baptism 988 stand in the reign's longer arc. | the Romans of Constantinople and their neighbours — Bulgars, Rus', Armenians, Arabs of the eastern frontier.. | Where: An empire recovered in the Balkans and the east, ruled from Constantinople — among the largest cities of the Christian world, on a gold coinage trusted for centuries. How they lived: As the entry for Justinian's age, a thousand entries of law, chronicle, guild regulation and village farming stand behind this one: the empire never stopped keeping its own record (Constantine VII's *De Administrando Imperio*, c. 950, is an emperor's handbook of the peoples and how to deal with each). The war or conquest — and who did it: Basil II campaigned a lifetime on the Bulgarian and eastern frontiers; Bulgaria was annexed entire by 1018. How they were killed: In the frontier wars of two generations, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| AD 907, when Zhu Wen deposed the last Tang emperor; Huang Chao's rebellion, which broke the dynasty's strength, 875–884. | the peoples of Tang China, passing into the Five Dynasties (north) and Ten Kingdoms (south).. | Where: The whole Tang world, from Chang'an to the southern kingdoms. How they lived: Through the late-Tang decades under eunuch factions at court and hereditary governors in the provinces; the dynasty's law, letters and Buddhism outlived it across East Asia. The war or conquest — and who did it: No foreign conquest — rebellion and warlord usurpation from inside: Huang Chao's armies marched the empire's length and sacked Chang'an; Zhu Wen, a former rebel turned general, ended the line. How they were killed: In the rebellions and the sack of the capital, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MISSING_MILLENNIUM_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1067/68 (al-Bakri, *Book of Routes and Realms*, written in Córdoba) | the Soninke people of the Ghana Empire (Wagadu — "Ghana" was a royal title). | Where: The western Sahel, in territory spanning parts of modern Mauritania, Mali and Senegal; the capital at Koumbi Saleh How they lived: A state standing between the goldfields to the south and the Saharan salt deposits to the north, its kings taxing the trade crossing in both directions and — in al-Bakri's account — reserving gold nuggets to the king while gold dust circulated; the capital as two towns, a royal town and a Muslim merchants' town with mosques, scholars and jurists The war or conquest — and who did it: None attaches to this entry; the older textbook claim of an Almoravid conquest and destruction of Ghana in 1076 is contested by modern scholarship (DEBATED) and is not carried as fact How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no killing is recorded for this entry in the dossier Outcome: OWED Record: Africa continental dossier §3.2; class page /class-africa-continent-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED as compiled testimony — al-Bakri never travelled to Ghana; he compiled merchants' and travellers' reports, and the entry is carried at that weight. |
| c. 985–1021; occupation year fixed to 1021 CE | Norse (Greenlanders) — arrival context; the Indigenous peoples they met are called Skrælingar in the sagas, and whom exactly they were is not established in the file | Where: L'Anse aux Meadows, northern tip of Newfoundland How they lived: At L'Anse aux Meadows the excavation record shows the Greenlanders' American shore-station as they lived it for a few years around 1021: turf-walled longhouses and workshops, iron smelted on the spot from bog ore — the first iron worked in the Americas in the record — ships hauled out and repaired (butternut wood among the finds, a tree that grows far to the south, proving voyages down the coast), and a living taken from fishing, hunting and timber for the treeless Greenland home farms. It was a base, not a colony that took root: no burials, no byres for overwintering herds, and the sagas' own account of trade turning to fighting stands beside the archaeology. (DOCUMENTED — the L'Anse aux Meadows excavation record; the sagas carried as Tradition.) The war or conquest — and who did it: No crown sent them; they came west from Greenland, settled c. 985 under Erik the Red, for timber, hunting and fishing grounds How they were killed: No killing figure is given for this entry in the file; the sagas, carried as Tradition with a documentary core, tell of trade turning to fighting and Thorvald Eiriksson killed by a Skræling arrow Outcome: not classed in the record — the Norse abandoned the western venture; the Greenland colony endured until the fifteenth century Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §§2–3. | Documented |
| April 1204. | the Byzantine Greeks of Constantinople; the attackers were a crusading army under Venetian transport contract, diverted by its debts.. | Where: Constantinople, the largest Christian city in the world. How they lived: as the capital of the eastern Roman empire — its churches, libraries, workshops and markets the richest urban world in Christendom, as the Byzantine witness Niketas Choniates describes in the act of its destruction. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Fourth Crusade, having already stormed Christian Zara for Venice, stormed Constantinople and sacked it for three days; the empire was partitioned and a Latin Empire planted (1204–1261). How they were killed: in the storm and the sack — killed, raped and despoiled in Choniates' eyewitness accounting; no count stands in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 4 July 1187 (Hattin); 2 October 1187 (Jerusalem's surrender). | the kingdom of Jerusalem's army and population; the victor was Salah al-Din (Saladin), holding Egypt and Syria united.. | Where: the crusader kingdom, from the coast to the Jordan. How they lived: as a settler kingdom of Frankish lords over a mostly Muslim, eastern Christian and Jewish population, sustained by Italian shipping and the military orders' castles. The war or conquest — and who did it: Saladin destroyed the kingdom's field army at the Horns of Hattin — drawn away from water, surrounded, annihilated; King Guy was captured and Reynald of Châtillon executed. The cities then surrendered on terms; Jerusalem capitulated by negotiation with Balian of Ibelin. How they were killed: the army at Hattin died in battle and of thirst in the encirclement; in Jerusalem there was no general massacre — the inhabitants ransomed themselves by tariff, those who could not pay were enslaved, and Saladin and al-Adil freed many of the poor, as Ibn al-Athir and Imad al-Din record — the contrast with 1099 drawn by both sides' sources. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| December 1144, after a month's siege. | the county of Edessa — Frankish rulers over Armenian, Syriac Christian and Muslim populations; the besieger was Imad al-Din Zengi, atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.. | Where: Edessa (Urfa), the inland, easternmost of the four crusader states. How they lived: as a frontier county of mixed peoples, held since 1098, trading and raiding across a porous border with the Turkish emirates. The war or conquest — and who did it: Zengi besieged the city in its count's absence, mined the walls and took it; the citadel held briefly and fell. How they were killed: the Latin population was killed or enslaved in the taking in the chronicles' accounts, the eastern Christians largely spared in Zengi's settlement as the sources report it — the detail carried at the sources' weight. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| January 1127 — the Jingkang catastrophe of the Song's own histories. | the Song Chinese of the northern capital; the attackers were the Jurchen Jin, the Song's recent allies against the Liao.. | Where: Kaifeng, a capital of a million people or more, the largest city on earth in its century. How they lived: in the most commercialised economy of the medieval world — printed books and paper money, an examination-chosen bureaucracy, iron and porcelain industries, river and canal trade — the city Zhang Zeduan's Qingming scroll paints street by street. The war or conquest — and who did it: Jin armies, having learned Song weakness in the joint campaign against the Liao, besieged and took Kaifeng and carried the retired emperor Huizong, the reigning emperor Qinzong and thousands of the court north into captivity. How they were killed: in the siege, the sack and the captivity marches north, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1105, six years after Jerusalem's fall. | the Muslims of Syria under their rival emirs; the reader was al-Sulami, a Damascus jurist.. | Where: Damascus, a Muslim city within reach of the Frankish coast. How they lived: in a divided political world — Aleppo, Damascus, Mosul and Fatimid Cairo each weighing the Franks as counters in their wars with one another, the disunity Ibn al-Athir himself names as the catastrophe's cause. The war or conquest — and who did it: no battle in this entry — a book: al-Sulami's *Kitab al-Jihad* argued that the Franks had succeeded through Muslim disunity and neglect of jihad, and that moral reform and unity must precede reconquest; its recorded audience at one reading was six hearers. How they were killed: no one is killed in this entry. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| flourishing c. 1100–1450; capital of a Shona kingdom. | the Shona of the Zimbabwe plateau, ancestors of the Shona people of today.. | Where: near modern Masvingo, in the granite country between the Limpopo and Zambezi systems. How they lived: in a city of dry-stone building without mortar — the Great Enclosure's walls rising to about eleven metres — numbering 10,000–20,000 people at its height in the reference record's range, living by cattle and farming, working the inland gold and trading it down to the Indian Ocean port of Sofala; Chinese porcelain, Persian faience and Arab glass in its ruins mark the ocean trade that reached it. The war or conquest — and who did it: no conquest ended it; its decline's causes — trade-route shift, environment, politics — are DEBATED. The conquest in its story is of the record: nineteenth-century Europeans (Mauch, 1871; Bent, 1891) assigned its building to the Queen of Sheba's or Phoenician builders, and Rhodesia's authorities suppressed the excavated answer (Randall-MacIver 1906; Caton-Thompson 1929–31) that its builders were African. How they were killed: no killing attaches to the city's flourishing or decline in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED (settled record: Shona-built, medieval); the denial carried only as a labelled exhibit, answered; decline DEBATED; exact peak population NOT VERIFIED beyond the sourced range. |
| 15 July 1099, after a five-week siege; Urban II had preached the expedition at Clermont on 27 November 1095. | the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants of Jerusalem, held first by the Seljuks' garrison and retaken by the Fatimids in 1098; the attackers were the Frankish armies of the First Crusade.. | Where: Jerusalem, under Muslim rule for four and a half centuries. How they lived: as a garrisoned holy city of mosques, churches, synagogues and markets at the meeting of pilgrimage roads — a city of three faiths under Muslim government. The war or conquest — and who did it: the crusader armies stormed the city after the campaigns of Nicaea (1097) and Antioch (1097–98); the defenders of the Tower of David surrendered on terms and were escorted alive to Ascalon, as Ibn al-Athir records. How they were killed: in the sack that followed the storm — killed in streets, houses and the al-Aqsa precinct, the synagogue burned with those inside; the figures stand in open conflict: Raymond of Aguilers' liturgical "blood to the knees," Ibn al-Athir's "more than 70,000" in al-Aqsa alone, and modern demographic reconstruction (Kedar) at roughly 3,000 — printed as a conflict, not a count. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED (the fall and the massacre); every figure DEBATED. |
| spring and summer 1096, before the crusading armies reached Muslim lands. | the Jewish communities of the Rhineland — Speyer, Worms, Mainz and other cities.. | Where: the Rhine cities of the empire, in communities centuries old under episcopal and imperial protection. How they lived: as urban communities of merchants, scholars and families, keeping their law and worship in the cities of Christian Germany — the life the Hebrew chronicles of Solomon bar Simson and Eliezer bar Nathan record in the act of its destruction. The war or conquest — and who did it: no foreign war — crusading bands marching east, above all the followers of Count Emicho, attacked them in their own cities; at Speyer the bishop's protection held and killers were punished; at Mainz the archbishop's guard fled. How they were killed: murdered in streets and in the bishops' courtyards where they had fled, forcibly baptised, and in cases the chronicles record with reverence, killed by their own parents to prevent forced conversion; the chronicles' totals run into the thousands for the region and modern estimates vary — the massacres are DOCUMENTED, the totals DEBATED. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED; totals DEBATED. |
| 1067/68, when al-Bakri compiled his *Book of Routes and Realms* in Córdoba; the Ghana Empire (Wagadu) was then at its height. | the Soninke of Wagadu, and the Muslim merchants of the capital's second town.. | Where: the western Sahel, in territory spanning parts of modern Mauritania, Mali and Senegal, at the meeting of the Sahara salt roads and the southern gold fields. How they lived: by taxing and protecting the trade where gold and salt exchanged at par value across the desert edge; the capital stood as two towns — the king's, with its palace and sacred grove, and a Muslim merchants' town of mosques, scholars and jurists — as al-Bakri compiled it from merchants' reports, never having travelled there himself. The war or conquest — and who did it: no conquest in this entry; the older claim of an Almoravid conquest and destruction of Ghana in 1076 is contested by modern scholarship, which finds the decline gradual and multi-causal. How they were killed: no one is killed in this entry — it records a kingdom described, not destroyed. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED (the description, as compiled testimony); the Almoravid conquest DEBATED. |
| 1206, at a kuriltai by the Onon river. | the Mongol clans and the peoples of the felt-walled tents, united under Temüjin as Chinggis Khan. | Where: the Mongolian steppe; within a generation their empire ran from northern China to the Rus' principalities and Hungary. How they lived: under the Yassa's law, which outlawed theft and the blood-feud and protected envoys; served by the yam relay of horse stations a day's ride apart; under a court that exempted every faith's clergy and set the religions debating before the khan; their peace — the Pax Mongolica — made the roads of Eurasia safe for merchants from the Pacific to the Mediterranean. The war or conquest — and who did it: Chinggis and his heirs conquered northern China, destroyed the Khwarazmian empire (1219–21), and entered Europe (1237–42). How they were killed: the conquered cities that resisted were in places destroyed with mass killing on a scale the Persian and Chinese records themselves number in the hundreds of thousands — the census treatment stands in the strand's wider record; the Mongols' own dead are uncounted. Outcome: the largest contiguous land empire in recorded history — and an order of law, relays, toleration and trade that outlasted the conquests. Record: THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| c. 1235 (the conventional date), the battle of Kirina in the Mandé epic's telling. | the Mandé peoples of the upper Niger, gathered by Sundiata Keita against Sumanguru, sorcerer-king of Sosso.. | Where: the Mandé heartland of the upper Niger and the gold country of Bure. How they lived: as clans of farmers, hunters, smiths and traders under their chiefs — the world the epic's charter assembly at Kurukan Fuga, in the tradition, ordered for the empire that followed; their record was carried by the jeliw, the griot masters of the spoken word. The war or conquest — and who did it: in the people's own account, Sundiata returned from exile, gathered the clans, and broke Sumanguru at Kirina; Sosso was destroyed and the Mandé confederation became an empire. How they were killed: in the wars of the founding, uncounted — the epic is a charter tradition, not a casualty record, and is classed as the people's own account, not mined for figures. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | TRADITION — the people's own account (the epic), with the empire's existence and succession DOCUMENTED in the Arabic and archaeological record. |
| from 1238, in the years of the Mongol entry into Europe (1237–42). | the Tatars — a Turkic-Mongolic people of the eastern steppe, whose name in European mouths came to cover the Mongol armies generally. | Where: the eastern steppe, in Chinggis Khan's world; the name travelled west with the armies. How they lived: OWED in this thread — the entry is of the name, not of the people's life; their record stands in the steppe file. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war in this entry — a word made in Latin Christendom: writers bent Tatari into Tartari, men of Tartarus, the pit of hell. Matthew Paris wrote in the Chronica Majora of invaders "escaping like demons released from Tartarus (so they are well called Tartars…)"; Rogerius of Hungary (1241) wrote that to fall into their hands was to be "the prisoner not of the Tartars but of Tartarus." How they were killed: no one is killed in this entry — a name is. The period's own best witness knew the difference: Carpini reported the people's own pronunciation as Tatar, and corrected the spelling in person, as Salimbene recorded. Outcome: the extra r — the fossil of a medieval sermon — entered every European language, and from Tartari the geographers made the land-name: Latin Tartaria, French Tartarie, English Tartary, the standing name for the unsurveyed north of Asia for six centuries. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.1. | DOCUMENTED. |
| February 1258 (Baghdad); 3 September 1260 (Ayn Jalut). | the Abbasid caliphate's Baghdad; then the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria; the conquerors were Hülegü's Mongols of the Ilkhanate.. | Where: Baghdad on the Tigris, the caliphate's capital for five centuries; Ayn Jalut in Palestine. How they lived: Baghdad as the scholarly and commercial capital of the eastern Islamic world; the Mamluk state as a military sultanate of slave-soldier households ruling Egypt and Syria from Cairo. The war or conquest — and who did it: Hülegü besieged and stormed Baghdad and executed the caliph al-Musta'sim, ending the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad; in 1260 a Mamluk army under Qutuz and Baybars destroyed the Mongol force left in Syria at Ayn Jalut, fixing the Mongol westward limit. How they were killed: in Baghdad's sack the Persian and Arabic sources number the dead in the hundreds of thousands and upward — figures printed as the sources' own, unverifiable as counts (DEBATED). Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3; the Steppe World class, §§5–6. | DOCUMENTED; Baghdad's tolls DEBATED. |
| c. 1260, after Möngke's death in 1259 and the civil war of succession. | the Mongol peoples and their subjects, now under four houses of Chinggis's line. | Where: the Yuan in China; the Ilkhanate in Persia; the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia; the Golden Horde on the western steppe, holding the Rus' principalities in tribute. How they lived: as four separate states, each with its own court, coinage, chronicles and, in time, its own faith — Islam in the west, Buddhism and Islam in the centre, Buddhism and the Chinese tradition in the east. The war or conquest — and who did it: the division was made by the Mongols themselves, in civil war between Chinggis's heirs — no outside power divided them. How they were killed: in the succession wars, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: one empire became four khanates, and the khanate pattern — Chinggisid houses ruling the steppe and the oases severally — governed the region for the next six centuries. Record: THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1346–1353, the first and greatest passage; plague returned in waves for centuries. | in turn, the peoples of the steppe and the Black Sea, Constantinople, the Mediterranean of both shores, Egypt and Syria, Latin and Orthodox Europe, Scandinavia and the Rus' lands.. | Where: everywhere the roads and sea-lanes reached — from Issyk-Kul's region to Iceland's approaches, Novgorod to Cairo and Mecca. How they lived: in the world the Mongol peace and the sea-trade had connected — grain ships, caravans, pilgrim roads and relay posts; Ibn Battuta walked Syria through it in 1348 and recorded Damascus's whole city, officials and people, Muslims, Christians with their Gospel and Jews with their Torah, processing together in supplication. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a bacterium, *Yersinia pestis*, carried by fleas, rats, ships and roads; the famous Caffa story of plague corpses catapulted into the besieged city rests on one non-eyewitness text (Gabriele de' Mussi) and is DEBATED, against the documented grain-trade mechanism (Barker, *Speculum*, 2021). How they were killed: of plague — bubonic, pneumonic and septicaemic. The tolls stand in open conflict and are printed so: Clement VI's agents computed Christian Europe's dead by 1351 at 23,840,000 (about 31%); Benedictow argues about 60% of Europe; much recent work trends at 45–50%; a 2022 pollen study finds the blow savage in some regions and light in others. Cairo lost on the order of a third of its people (Dols). For China, Yuan-era epidemics are documented but their identification with this plague is DEBATED and no toll is printed. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §8. | DOCUMENTED (the event, the mechanisms, the changes); mortality DEBATED at the ranges shown; the Caffa catapult story DEBATED, single-source; the well-poisoning accusation a false CLAIM, exhibited and answered. |
| 1338–39, in the tombstone inscriptions of two cemeteries. | a Nestorian Christian trading community of the Chüy Valley — Kara-Djigach and Burana, near Lake Issyk-Kul in modern Kyrgyzstan.. | Where: the Tian Shan foothills of Central Asia, on the Silk Road. How they lived: as a merchant community of the road — their Syriac-inscribed tombstones name the dead, their years and often their causes, a community keeping its own record in its own church's language. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an epidemic: in 1338–39 the stones multiply and the named cause is "pestilence." How they were killed: of the pestilence the stones name; ancient DNA (Spyrou, Slavin, Krause et al., *Nature*, 2022) identifies the strain in these graves as *Yersinia pestis* and the direct ancestor of the Black Death strain — the pandemic's source fixed at these cemeteries at DOCUMENTED-SCIENCE weight. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §8. | DOCUMENTED-SCIENCE. |
| 1324–25; Musa reached Cairo in July 1324 and stayed three months on his hajj. | the Mali Empire under Mansa Musa; the witnesses were the people and scholars of Mamluk Cairo.. | Where: Mali, from the upper Niger to the desert edge; the event's record was made in Cairo. How they lived: Mali as the master of the gold country and the Niger cities, its king ruling through provincial governors and a court whose order Ibn Battuta would describe at first hand a generation later (1352–53). The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a pilgrimage: the caravan's gold spending and gifts in Cairo depressed the price of gold there, in al-Umari's statement, for some twelve years; al-Umari recorded it from the emir Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Amir Hajib, who had accompanied the king — reported testimony of the first quality, shown as testimony. How they were killed: no one is killed in this entry. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5. | DOCUMENTED (the hajj and its Cairo record); the twelve-year price depression DEBATED as economics, DOCUMENTED as al-Umari's report. |
| 28 May 1291. | the remaining crusader states of the Levant coast; the besieger was the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil.. | Where: Acre, the last great mainland stronghold, and the few ports remaining to the orders and the Cypriot kingdom. How they lived: as a fortified port-city living by the Italian sea-trade, the orders' garrisons and the pilgrim traffic — the shrunken residue of the kingdom of 1099. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Mamluks under Baybars and his successors had reduced the states fortress by fortress since the 1260s; Khalil besieged and stormed Acre; the remaining ports were abandoned within weeks and the Templar island of Ruad fell in 1302. How they were killed: in the storm of Acre, killed and enslaved in the chronicles' accounts of both sides; no settled count stands in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 19 March 1279, the sea battle of Yamen; the capital Lin'an had surrendered in 1276, and Xiangyang in 1273 after a five-year siege. | the Southern Song — its court, its loyalist fleet and the last child emperor; the conquerors were the Mongols of Khubilai's Yuan.. | Where: the Song south — Hangzhou (Lin'an) its capital, the richest urban and commercial world of its age. How they lived: by the economy and institutions of the Song whole: examination government, printed books, paper money, maritime trade from Guangzhou and Quanzhou, and a navy commanding the rivers — a civilisation of a hundred million carried on under a shrinking map. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Mongol conquest of the Song, the hardest of their conquests — Xiangyang's five-year siege turned it; the loyalist court fled by sea through two child emperors to the last stand at Yamen, where the minister Lu Xiufu went into the sea carrying the last emperor as the fleet was destroyed. How they were killed: in the conquest's sieges and battles and in the drownings at Yamen, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1324 (the hajj); al-Umari's account records the Cairo stay and its aftermath | the Mandé peoples of the Mali Empire. | Where: The western Sudan, succeeding Ghana's position; Timbuktu and Djenné built up under Mali's patronage as centres of trade and learning How they lived: An empire whose founding is carried in Mandé oral epic (the *Sundiata*, preserved by griots) beside Arabic written sources; scholars and the Andalusi architect Abu Ishaq al-Sahili came to Mali after Musa's return, in the standard accounts The war or conquest — and who did it: None attaches to this entry How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no killing is recorded for this entry in the dossier Outcome: OWED Record: Africa continental dossier §3.3; class page /class-africa-continent-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED as testimony — al-Umari's account reaches him through a named intermediary and is carried at that weight. |
| 1375. | no people — a map; the peoples it draws are the Mongol-Turkic world of kings and camps across Asia's north. | Where: the sheet was made in Majorca; the world it letters runs across the whole north of Asia. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a compilation: the atlas attributed to Abraham Cresques carries the Great Khan's realm on its eastern sheets, from the traveller and merchant record of the Mongol century. How they were killed: — Outcome: the label's cartographic line is already standing in 1375 — the first of five centuries of real, library-held maps that letter the Tartar world, none of them hidden. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.2; THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §1. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1402–1496 (conquest); Guanche language(s) ended by the 17th century | Guanche | Where: Canary Islands (Spain) How they lived: Island farmers and herders before the conquest: barley, wheat and pulses in stone-terraced fields, goats and sheep as the wealth of the hills, dwellings of dry-stone houses and, on Tenerife and Gran Canaria above all, inhabited caves; grain stored in communal silos; the dead of the elite mummified and laid in burial caves, in a practice the chroniclers describe and the caves confirm. Each island stood as its own chiefdoms — Tenerife's nine menceyatos are named in the record. (DOCUMENTED at general level — the conquest chroniclers and the archaeology; detail varies and is DEBATED island by island.) The war or conquest — and who did it: Conquest by Castile, 1402–1496 How they were killed: Killed in war, enslaved, and struck by epidemic; survivors assimilated into the Spanish settler population; no figure given in the files Outcome: Ended as a people; descendants continue inside the modern Canary Islander population (genome-wide study 2017 confirms substantial Guanche ancestry; ~20–40% of maternal lineages commonly cited in the pass); no Guanche polity descends Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2. | Class B |
| c. 1450–1459; the surviving map is dated by its own record to 1459–1460. | no people — a map, and the knowledge it carries: Fra Mauro, a Camaldolese monk of San Michele on Murano, Venice, working with the sailor-cartographer Andrea Bianco. | Where: Venice — Europe's listening post, where every galley captain, merchant and envoy came home. How they lived: by interview: some three thousand inscriptions on the great circular map weigh Ptolemy against the travellers' testimony, and say on the parchment where testimony ran out. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an argument, held in ink: Africa drawn circumnavigable, and Ptolemy's landlocked Indian Ocean set aside, on the strength of sailors' reports, decades before Dias rounded the Cape in 1488. How they were killed: — Outcome: the last great medieval world map, and the first built by cross-examining the men who had seen the world over the book that described it. Record: THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1464–1492, the reign of Sonni Ali; Timbuktu taken 1468, Djenné after siege. | the Songhai of Gao and the Niger bend; the cities taken were Mali's former Niger cities, Timbuktu's scholars among Sonni Ali's persecuted.. | Where: the middle Niger, from Gao to Djenné, river and desert edge together. How they lived: Songhai as a riverine empire of boatmen, farmers and cavalry; Timbuktu as a city of mosque-schools — Sankore above all — and private libraries, whose own scholars would write the empire's history in the *Tarikh al-Sudan* and the *Tarikh al-Fattash*. The war or conquest — and who did it: Sonni Ali built the empire by conquest from Gao, taking Timbuktu (1468) and Djenné from Mali's and the Tuareg and Mossi powers' hands; his successor Askia Muhammad I (r. 1493–1528) made the answering pilgrimage of 1496–97 and governed through an organised bureaucracy. How they were killed: in the conquest's campaigns, uncounted in the record carried here. Outcome: OWED | DOCUMENTED. *Record: THE_MEDIEVAL_WORLDS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, §5.* # FILLS — "How they lived" for existing Era 2 entries (research file §9) |
ERA 3 — 1492 AND THE FIRST CENTURY (1492–1599)
The Arrival is the door. The hemisphere this record opens on held 60.5 million people on Koch et al.'s synthesis — the published range runs 8–112 million, and no exact figure is held; within a century the count stood at about a tenth of it. The Caribbean goes first, then Mexico and Peru, then the Florida frontier and the first northern contacts — and through it all the record's largest killer, epidemic disease, runs beside the sword, the mine and the slave coffle, every entry classed at its own level.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1492 (base year) | Indigenous peoples of the Americas (hemisphere) | Where: Western hemisphere How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Population base, not a death count: Koch et al. (2019) synthesis of 119 regional estimates — 60.5 million pre-1492 (interquartile range 44.8–78.2 million). Other estimates in file: Denevan ~53.9 million; Thornton ~75 million; published range 8–112 million. No exact figure is held. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: demographic-collapse.md §1–§2. | Documented (scholarly estimate, labelled as estimate) |
| 12 October 1492 | Taíno (Lucayan Taíno) | Where: Guanahani, an island of the Lucayan Bahamas, renamed San Salvador by Columbus How they lived: They came out in canoes and swimming, bringing parrots, cotton thread, spears and food; the journal records their canoes, cotton, hammocks and gold nose-ornaments (arrival/the-arrival.md §8) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Cristóbal Colón / Christopher Columbus, Genoese in Castilian service under Ferdinand and Isabella, under the Capitulations of Santa Fe, 17 April 1492 How they were killed: No deaths are recorded for the landfall day in the file; Columbus took possession with the royal banner, seized Lucayan men and women on the first voyage as guides and interpreters (several died in the crossing or in Spain), and wrote in October 1492 that they "should be good servants" and in the 1493 letter promised "slaves, as many as they shall order to be shipped" and that with fifty men "we could subjugate them all" Outcome: not classed in the record Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §§7–8. | Documented |
| 13 January 1493 | Ciguayo | Where: The Samaná Peninsula and the northeast coast of Hispaniola; the clash at the bay Columbus named Samaná / the Bay of Rincón (Gulf of Arrows) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Columbus's shore party How they were killed: Two Ciguayo wounded by Spanish blades after trading soured over Spanish attempts to seize a man — the first recorded drawing of Indigenous blood by Europeans in the Americas, in the Admiral's own mediated journal; the Ciguayo account in how-they-were-exterminated.md gives one Ciguayo stabbed, another wounded Outcome: Census Class A — see the post-1547 Ciguayo entry for the end as the file states it Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §8; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.15. | Documented |
| 1493 (second Columbus voyage) | Taíno | Where: Hispaniola — La Navidad, then La Isabela, succeeded by Santo Domingo How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Columbus's second voyage, seventeen ships and over a thousand men, an occupation not an exploration How they were killed: The file records no Taíno death figure for this event; it records that La Navidad's thirty-nine Spanish men were all found dead, killed, the Spanish inquiry reported, after they had abused the Taíno among whom they lived (the inquiry's record is Spanish, carried at that level), and that La Isabela failed in disease and hunger by 1498 Outcome: not classed in the record Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §11. | Documented |
| April 1494 | Guanahatabey | Where: Far western Cuba; the Batabanó shore How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1600s Guanahatabey entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.13 (Columbus's Taíno interpreter could not understand the people of the Batabanó shore, April 1494). | Documented |
| February–March 1495 | Taíno | Where: Hispaniola, the gold districts; the war of Vega Real, March 1495 How they lived: The Taíno of Hispaniola as the 1492 landfall entry records them — coming out in canoes, bringing parrots, cotton thread, spears and food; the journal records their canoes, cotton, hammocks and gold nose-ornaments *(fill drawn from this Chronology's own entry "12 October 1492 — Taíno (Lucayan Taíno)", How they lived)* The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Columbus's administration in Hispaniola How they were killed: Columbus's gold tribute (1495) required every Taíno adult in the gold districts to deliver a quota of gold on pain of death or maiming (Las Casas; tokens and punishments documented in the Spanish record, carried at the Genocide Record's levels in caribbean-and-conquest.md); in February 1495 the first slave shipment sent some 550 Taíno captives to Seville to be sold, of whom roughly half died in the crossing (Las Casas and the royal correspondence) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §12. | Documented |
| From the sixteenth century onward; last recorded in the early 20th century in the last stages of language shift | Kazukuru | Where: New Georgia, Solomon Islands How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a separate polity and speech community; descendants stand inside the Roviana people — Kazukuru survives as the name of a clan within the Roviana people Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §9.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part II §3.1. | Class B |
| 1507. | no people — a map, and the knowledge it carries: Martin Waldseemüller and the humanist circle of Saint-Dié in the Vosges, under the patronage of Duke René II of Lorraine. | Where: Saint-Dié, France — a small scholarly circle with a printing press. How they lived: they married Ptolemy's frame, named first in the map's own title, to the Portuguese and Spanish voyage reports of the previous fifteen years, and issued the result as a twelve-sheet woodcut wall map with the Cosmographiae Introductio. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a naming: the book proposed the new continent across the Atlantic be called America, for Amerigo Vespucci, and the map is the first document known to carry the name. How they were killed: — Outcome: the new lands drawn as a separate continent washed by ocean, years before any European had seen the Pacific; Waldseemüller later withdrew the name in his own work, but print could not be unpublished, and America stayed. Record: THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1503 | Taíno — Xaragua | Where: owed in the record How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §2. | Debated |
| 1508 (testimony for 1494–1508) | Taíno | Where: Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — sustained colonisation from 1492; the encomienda system, under which the Crown granted a settler the right to exact tribute and labour from a specified Indigenous community, delivered Taíno labour to gold mines and estates How they were killed: Bartolomé de las Casas [PRIMARY WITNESS — testimony, never a count]: "from 1494 to 1508, over three million people had perished from war, slavery and the mines," with about 60,000 people living on the island when he arrived in 1508; the file states modern researchers doubt Las Casas's pre-contact figures, estimates for 1492 run from a few tens of thousands (2020 genetic study) through a scholarly mainstream of roughly 250,000–1,000,000 to Las Casas's 3 million-plus, which most historians reject as a count while accepting his testimony on the mechanisms Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §1. | Documented |
| May 1513; and 1521 | Calusa | Where: Southwest Florida coast; the paramountcy centred later in the file at Mound Key How they lived: A paramountcy — eyewitnesses later reported over 4,000 gathered for Menéndez's 1566 alliance ceremony with King Carlos at Mound Key (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.3) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Ponce de León landed on the southwest coast in May 1513 and returned to colonise in 1521 How they were killed: No Calusa death figure is given in the file; in 1513 Ponce de León was attacked by shielded canoes and departed, and in 1521 he was mortally wounded by the Calusa Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Calusa entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.3. | Documented |
| 1513; and 1565–66 | Jaega | Where: Jupiter Inlet and the coast south of the Ais, centred on the town the Spanish called Jobe/Hobe How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Ponce de León's ships passed or landed at Jupiter Inlet in 1513; Spanish soldiers built Fort Santa Lucía at Jupiter Inlet in 1565–66 How they were killed: In 1513, per Herrera's rendering of the log, Jaega men tried to seize a launch and wounded two Spaniards (identification rests on location); in 1565–66 initially friendly Jaega attacked Fort Santa Lucía and forced Spanish withdrawal within a year; no Jaega death figure is given in the file Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Jaega entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.6. | Documented |
| 1513; presented to Sultan Selim I in 1517 | the Ottoman Empire — its admiral-cartographer Piri Reis, compiling at Gallipoli. | Where: The Ottoman lands — Anatolia, the Balkans, and from 1516–17 Syria, Egypt and the Hijaz How they lived: As a bureaucratic empire of tax registers (tahrir), law codes (kanunname) and endowed cities, with a standing salaried infantry, the Janissaries, and a sea service in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean The war or conquest — and who did it: No war in this entry — a compilation: the map synthesises some twenty sources its maker names on its face, among them Portuguese charts and a map Piri Reis says Columbus drew How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no deaths are recorded for the making of the map Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part B1 and Part D. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1513 | Tequesta | Where: Biscayne Bay; the main Tequesta village at the Miami River's mouth, at the bay Ponce de León called Chequesta How they lived: Their main village stood at the Miami River's mouth (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Ponce de León stopped at the bay in 1513 How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Tequesta entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4. | Documented |
| 1513 | Timucua | Where: Northern Florida and southern Georgia — never one polity but dozens of chiefdoms How they lived: Timucua-speaking peoples in dozens of chiefdoms (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.2) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — first met in European records on the northeast coast by Ponce de León (1513), then Ribault (1562), Laudonnière's Fort Caroline (1564–65) among the Saturiwa, and Menéndez de Avilés (1565) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Timucua entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.2. | Documented |
| 1514 | Guanahatabey | Where: Far western Cuba How they lived: Velázquez's 1514 report, as quoted in the file: they "have neither houses nor villages nor fields, nor eat anything except the meat they get in the mountains and turtles and fish" (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.13) The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1600s Guanahatabey entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.13. | Debated |
| 1514 (repartimiento); the name Guanahatabey first appears in Governor Velázquez's 1514 report | Taíno | Where: Hispaniola How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the 1514 repartimiento (Repartimiento de Albuquerque) How they were killed: The 1514 repartimiento counted only about 26,000–32,000 Taíno to be divided among settlers, against roughly 60,000 remaining by ~1508 in the file's sequence Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §1. | Documented |
| 31 October 1517 (the theses sent to the Archbishop of Mainz on this date; the church-door posting is DEBATED) | Martin Luther, Augustinian friar and professor at Wittenberg, and the German readers print put within his reach. | Where: Wittenberg, Electoral Saxony, in the Holy Roman Empire How they lived: In a Europe of manuscript scarcity newly ended — by 1500 presses stood in some 240–280 towns and had printed millions of copies; the indulgence trade Luther challenged was itself worked with printed forms The war or conquest — and who did it: No war yet — a disputation against the sale of indulgences financing St Peter's, Rome, and the Fugger loan behind Albert of Mainz's archbishopric; the wars of religion followed from 1524–25 (the Peasants' War) and 1562 (France) How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no deaths are recorded for the theses themselves; the killing belongs to the entries of the wars that followed Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part A1–A2. | DOCUMENTED (the posting to the church door DEBATED). |
| 1513–1515 (islands declared islas inútiles, "useless islands," in 1513; removal in 1515) | Caquetío | Where: Northwestern Venezuela — the Falcón coast and Lake Maracaibo's shores — and Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire; perhaps 600 Caquetío lived on Aruba at Spanish arrival How they lived: An Arawakan-speaking people; only the name and short wordlists survive, a "ghost language" (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.12) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Ojeda reached the islands in 1499; the three islands were declared islas inútiles in 1513 How they were killed: In 1515 some 2,000 Caquetío from the three islands combined were forcibly taken to Hispaniola to work in mines, "presumably the entire population of the islands"; 150–200 were returned to Aruba and Curaçao in 1526 to work brazilwood exports. No source consulted in the file names Caquetío among the Cubagua pearl-fishery drafts, and none is assigned there Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1843/1862 Caquetío entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.12. | Documented |
| 1518–19 | Taíno | Where: Hispaniola and the Caribbean How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — colonisation, war, enslavement, famine and the mines were already under way before this epidemic How they were killed: Smallpox documented in the Caribbean by 1518–19, arriving after Hispaniola's first catastrophic decline from war, enslavement, famine and the mines was already under way (Cook, 1998; Reséndez, 2016, as carried in the file); Reséndez argues slavery and violence were leading causes in the Caribbean specifically, carried as his argument. No Taíno death figure for this epidemic is given in the file Outcome: not classed in the record — by the mid-16th century counts of unmixed Taíno on Hispaniola were in the hundreds; see the 1550 Taíno entry Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §1; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Documented |
| October 1519 | Cholulteca | Where: Cholula How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Hernán Cortés How they were killed: Cortés himself claimed 3,000 Cholulteca killed in about two hours after he assembled the city's leaders in a courtyard, by his own account a pre-emptive strike against an alleged planned ambush; Indigenous accounts describe unarmed people trapped in the courtyard. The mass killing of thousands is attested by the perpetrator's own second Carta de relación; later figures of 5,000–10,000 come from secondary retellings and are not used in the file in place of Cortés's own stated figure Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §2; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §3. | Documented |
| 1520s | Inca | Where: The Andes; the Inca empire (Tawantinsuyu), centred at Cusco How they lived: Andean social organisation around the ayllu (kin/community land-holding group) and reciprocal labour; state storehouses (qullqa) held food, cloth and arms; terrace agriculture, thousands of potato landraces and chuño, and the Qhapaq Ñan road system of some 30,000 km (knowledge/inca.md, Traditions and Crafts/Arts/Skills; practices/farming.md §6) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the epidemic ran ahead of Pizarro into the Inca empire How they were killed: An epidemic, likely smallpox — the identification is not proven — killed Huayna Capac and his heir and precipitated the civil war Pizarro exploited (Cook, 1998, as carried in the file). No death figure is given in the file Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Debated |
| 1520, the Patagonian reports' decade — entered here, at the commission's direction, as the era's European knowledge at its class: the same decades in which the steppe's peoples were being written into Europe's geographies from reports, not instruments. | the Tehuelche (Aónikenk) of Patagonia, met by Magellan's fleet at Puerto San Julián. | Where: the Patagonian coast and steppe, at the southern end of the Americas. How they lived: in guanaco-skin cloaks, painted, with hide foot-wrappings, bow and stone points — Pigafetta's detail, checkable and largely checking out. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war in this entry — a report: Pigafetta wrote that the man who came aboard was so tall "the tallest of us reached only to his waist," an implied stature of the order of ten feet, from a chronicler who carried no measuring rod and measured no one. How they were killed: no one is killed in this entry. The measure came later and shrank the report at exactly the rate the instruments improved: the published official account of Byron's voyage (1773) puts the tallest Patagonian at six feet six inches, measured; the 19th-century measured series put Tehuelche men at about six feet on average — among the tallest peoples ever measured, and human in stature. Outcome: the giants of the voyage literature were finished not by suppression but by arithmetic — the pattern this thread meets again wherever a report is read at more than its weight. Aónikenk destruction belongs to the strand's genocide record, in its proper place. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, Cross-Addendum (photo-91), with GIANTS_AND_GREAT_DOORS_THE_RECORD.md §5.2. | the report DOCUMENTED as a period text; the giant stature CLAIM, contradicted by the measured record. |
| May 1520 | Mexica | Where: Tenochtitlan, in the Great Temple precinct, at the festival of Toxcatl How they lived: The Mexica of Mexico-Tenochtitlan lived by chinampas — raised lake-bed plots producing multiple harvests a year and supporting Tenochtitlan's population — and by causeways, aqueducts and dikes separating fresh and brackish lake water (knowledge/mexica.md, Crafts/Arts/Skills; practices/farming.md §4) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Pedro de Alvarado, Cortés's lieutenant, while Cortés was absent fighting Narváez How they were killed: Alvarado attacked Mexica nobles and celebrants gathered, unarmed, for the festival of Toxcatl; Spanish and Indigenous accounts agree the celebrants were unarmed and the attack unprovoked in its immediate circumstances, and differ on motive. No death figure is given in the file. The massacre triggered the uprising in which Moctezuma died and the Spanish were driven out on the Noche Triste (30 June–1 July 1520) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §2; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §3. | Documented |
| 1520 | Mexica | Where: Tenochtitlan How they lived: Chinampas — raised lake-bed plots producing multiple harvests a year and supporting Tenochtitlan's population (knowledge/mexica.md, Crafts/Arts/Skills; practices/farming.md §4) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the Narváez expedition brought smallpox during the conquest How they were killed: Smallpox reached Tenochtitlan with the Narváez expedition during the siege, killing the emperor Cuitláhuac and decisively weakening the city's defence (Cook, 1998, as carried in the file). No death figure is given in the file Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Documented |
| 1521; the city fell 13 August 1521 | Mexica | Where: Tenochtitlan How they lived: Chinampas — raised lake-bed plots producing multiple harvests a year and supporting Tenochtitlan's population; causeways, aqueducts and the Templo Mayor precinct (knowledge/mexica.md, Crafts/Arts/Skills; practices/farming.md §4) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Hernán Cortés, with Tlaxcalan and other Indigenous allies as the file's Mexica entry records the 1519–1521 war and alliances How they were killed: The siege of Tenochtitlan combined warfare, smallpox (which killed Cuitláhuac), starvation, and the cutting of the aqueduct and food supply; the city fell on 13 August 1521 with mass killing and enslavement of survivors documented in both Spanish and Indigenous accounts. No death figure is given in the file Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §2. | Documented |
| 21 April 1526 | Babur, Timurid prince of Ferghana, and his small army; against them Ibrahim Lodi, the last Delhi sultan. | Where: Babur held Kabul; the battle was fought on the plain of Panipat, north of Delhi, in Hindustan How they lived: Babur's own memoir, the Baburnama, is the record — a conqueror who wrote of his campaigns, his gardens and his judgements of India in his own Chagatai Turkic The war or conquest — and who did it: Babur's invasion of the Delhi Sultanate: field guns and matchlockmen firing from behind a roped wagon laager (his artillery under the Ottoman gunner Ustad Ali Quli), with cavalry wheeling round both flanks How they were killed: The Delhi host was broken in a morning by artillery and musket fire and the cavalry envelopment; Ibrahim Lodi died on the field with, on Babur's account, many thousands of his men — the figure is the victor's account, carried as such Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part B3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1526 — letters of Afonso I (Nzinga Mbemba) to João III of Portugal. | the Kingdom of Kongo — its free subjects, nobles and vassals, and members of the king's own family among those taken.. | Where: The Kingdom of Kongo, west-central Africa. How they lived: OWED in detail in the dossier — the letters themselves show a kingdom ruled by its king, with nobles and vassals, writing to Portugal as a counterpart crown. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war in this entry — Portuguese traders were kidnapping free Kongolese subjects for the Atlantic trade, against the king's protest. How they were killed: Not a killing entry in the dossier's record — the letters protest kidnapping and depopulation; any death toll is OWED. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/slave_trades/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, §§1.4, 4.1 [AFONSO]. | DOCUMENTED |
| 14 February 1530 | the Purépecha of Michoacán (called Tarascans by the Spaniards). | Where: Around Lake Pátzcuaro, ruling from Tzintzuntzan — metalworkers without rivals in Mesoamerica, masters of copper and bronze; the empire the Mexica tried to conquer and never took How they lived: An independent state that in 1522, hearing of Tenochtitlan's fall, admitted a Spanish force under Cristóbal de Olid without a battle — a negotiated submission that left the cazonci ruling his kingdom in fact The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — when the Crown's officers found the kingdom still intact and its tribute divided, Nuño de Guzmán marched in and tried the cazonci on charges that included plotting, withheld tribute and heresy How they were killed: Tangáxuan II was executed — burned — after the trial, on 14 February 1530. The independent Purépecha state ended not in battle but in a courtroom; no wider death figure is given in the dossier, and none is printed here Outcome: OWED Record: Mexico dossier §A3 (study_materials/mexico_history_inquisition/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md); class page /class-mexico-inquisition-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1526 (letters to João III of Portugal) | the Kongo peoples of the Kingdom of Kongo. | Where: South of the Congo River, in parts of modern Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo; a centralised state with provinces, taxation and a capital at Mbanza Kongo How they lived: A kingdom in diplomacy with Portugal as a royal equal — Afonso I (r. 1509–1542/43) built a Christian kingdom on his own decision, sent his son Henrique to be educated in Portugal and consecrated bishop, and sought priests and teachers on stated terms The war or conquest — and who did it: No war attaches to this entry; the letters protest Portuguese merchants and officials seizing and selling Kongo's people — in Afonso's words, "our country is being completely depopulated" How they were killed: Not a killing entry at a counted figure — the letters document seizure and sale into the trade; no death figure for Kongo is given in the dossier, and none is printed here Outcome: OWED Record: Africa continental dossier §4.2; class page /class-africa-continent-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED — primary African testimony, quoted (Basil Davidson translation). |
| 16 November 1532 | Inca | Where: The plaza of Cajamarca How they lived: Ayllu and reciprocity, adapted by the Inca state into the mit'a labour levy; state storehouses (qullqa); terrace agriculture and the Qhapaq Ñan road system (knowledge/inca.md, Traditions and Crafts/Arts/Skills; practices/farming.md §6) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Francisco Pizarro's force of 168 Spaniards (106 foot, 62 horse) How they were killed: A planned ambush of Atahualpa, who arrived with 3,000–8,000 unarmed attendants (figures across the Spanish chronicles): after Friar Valverde's requerimiento and the Bible episode, cannon and harquebus fire and cavalry charges into the trapped crowd; Atahualpa captured alive. Death toll — the sources do not agree and the file gives the range: 2,000–3,000 killed in the chronicle-based modern summaries; Encyclopaedia Britannica gives 7,000, which the file states should not be presented as settled and exceeds the lower summaries; no count was made. Spanish losses were effectively nil Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §3; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §3. | Documented |
| 29 August 1533 (some chronicles give 26 July 1533; the August date is the widely used one in the file) | Inca | Where: Cajamarca How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Pizarro's captors of Atahualpa How they were killed: Atahualpa was held for the famous ransom (a room filled with gold, and silver), then tried by his captors and executed by garrote on 29 August 1533 after baptism averted burning Outcome: not classed in the record — the file states the conquest wars, encomienda and later mita mine labour drafts (notably Potosí silver and Huancavelica mercury), and epidemics drove the Andean collapse documented in demographic-collapse.md Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §3. | Documented |
| 24 July 1534 | St. Lawrence Iroquoians | Where: Gaspé; Stadacona's people, on the St. Lawrence How they lived: Palisaded farming towns of longhouses, growing maize, beans and squash (the Three Sisters) — women's agriculture — with fishing and hunting; Stadacona's people, met at Gaspé and on the river (dossier §§1.2, 3.1). *Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§1.2, 3.1.* The war or conquest — and who did it: France — Jacques Cartier, commissioned by Francis I in 1534 How they were killed: No killing is recorded for this event in the file; Cartier raised a great cross lettered Vive le roi de France before the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, their leader Donnacona made clear by signs, in Cartier's own relation, that the cross was raised on his land without his leave, and Cartier took Donnacona's sons Domagaya and Taignoagny to France — as guests, hostages and interpreters at once Outcome: not classed in the record — see the 1603 St. Lawrence Iroquoians entry Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §11. | Documented |
| 1535–36 | St. Lawrence Iroquoians | Where: Stadacona (at present-day Québec City) and Hochelaga (present-day Montréal), a palisaded town of some thousand people How they lived: Palisaded towns of longhouses — Hochelaga a town of some thousand people — growing maize, beans and squash, fishing the river (eels and salmon among the fisheries), and holding the medical knowledge of the country, including the annedda remedy that saved the French crew that winter (dossier §§1.2, 3.1). *Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§1.2, 3.1.* The war or conquest — and who did it: France — Cartier, guided up the river by Domagaya and Taignoagny in 1535 How they were killed: That winter, Cartier's relation reports, more than fifty people of Stadacona died of a sickness the French presence carried; the Stadaconans' knowledge saved the French crew from scurvy — Domagaya revealed the remedy, a decoction of the tree recorded as annedda. In spring 1536 Cartier seized Donnacona himself, his sons, and seven others and carried them to France; nine of the ten died in France and none ever came home (Donnacona died c. 1539) Outcome: not classed in the record — see the 1603 entry Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §11. | Documented |
| 1539 | Acuera | Where: The Oklawaha River valley near Lake Weir and Lake Griffin; a Timucua-speaking province How they lived: Acuera traded deerskins, chestnuts and pots and sent labourers to St. Augustine 1597–1602, and uniquely maintained a parallel traditional religious authority openly alongside the friars (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.9) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Hernando de Soto, camped at Ocale How they were killed: First contact was violent extraction: in 1539 de Soto twice sent soldiers to seize maize from Acuera, and the Acuera fiercely resisted; no death or population figure is given in the file (THIN in the file) Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1697 Acuera entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.9. | Documented |
| 1539 (the dated anchor in the file's Pomar strand) | Texcoco — the Acolhua kingdom | Where: Texcoco, seat of the Acolhua kingdom; the archive was said by the later account to have been burned at Tlatelolco How they lived: Texcoco held what its own historians describe as the great archive of the Nahua world — the painted annals and records kept under Nezahualcoyotl's line (record-destruction-as-evidence.md §5) The war or conquest — and who did it: The hands are disputed in the file: a Texcoco archival repository destroyed by Tlaxcalan forces allied with the Spanish (conquest strand); Juan de Zumárraga collecting and burning manuscripts at Tlatelolco (Bancroft, 1883, a later account, not a witness); or the Texcocans themselves burning paintings that had survived, for fear Zumárraga's idolatry proceedings against their lord Don Carlos Ometochtzin (tried and burned in 1539) would incriminate them (Pomar, Relación de Texcoco, 1582) How they were killed: No death figure for Texcoco is given in the file; the destruction of the archive is the event — Ixtlilxochitl, writing a century later, found only two men with full knowledge and understanding of the paintings and signs among the principal men reputed to know the histories Outcome: not classed in the record — the file files Texcoco as Debated: the destruction certain, the hands disputed Record: genocide/record-destruction-as-evidence.md §5. | Debated |
| 1540–42 | Tiguex | Where: Tiguex, on the Rio Grande How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, sent north from Mexico on reports of the Seven Cities of Cíbola, wintered on the Rio Grande at Tiguex How they were killed: The file records a war of extermination against the Tiguex people (the Tiguex War — documented, carried in the peoples' record, as the arrival file states it); no death figure is given in the file Outcome: not classed in the record Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §11. | Documented |
| 1543 (Nuremberg and Basel) | Nicolaus Copernicus, canon of Frombork; Andreas Vesalius, anatomist at Padua. | Where: Frombork, in Royal Prussia; Padua, in the Venetian Republic How they lived: Inside print culture — both books were printed artefacts, illustrated, multiplied and impossible to recall; Copernicus's book carried an unauthorised preface by Andreas Osiander presenting its system as a mere calculating device The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a publication: De revolutionibus printed the heliocentric order whole; De humani corporis fabrica rebuilt anatomy on dissection How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no deaths are recorded for either publication Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part A4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1545 — silver found at the Cerro Rico, Potosí, in present-day Bolivia; registered production 1550–1629 later totalled 371 million pesos. | the Andean peoples of the Potosí region, and the city that grew beneath the mountain.. | Where: Potosí, in the Andes of present-day Bolivia. How they lived: OWED in detail in the dossier for the pre-mining population — the record carried is of the mining city: first ores smelted in Indigenous huayra wind furnaces; the settlement among the largest cities in the world, conventionally about 160,000 in the early seventeenth century (see NV-7). The war or conquest — and who did it: No single war in this entry — extraction under the Spanish colonial state, whose labour draft is the 1573 entry below. How they were killed: OWED as a total — the widely circulated "eight million deaths" at Potosí is NOT VERIFIED (NV-4) and is not carried; the documented record is the mita's scale and the provinces' shrinkage (1573 entry). Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/resource_theft/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, Case 2, §§2.1, 2.4 [MINING-AMERICAS; BAKEWELL]. | DOCUMENTED |
| After 1547 (Las Casas, writing after his 1547 retirement) | Ciguayo | Where: The Samaná Peninsula and the northeast coast of Hispaniola How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — Granberry & Vescelius state Ciguayo "was moribund in 1492 and extinct very shortly thereafter"; Las Casas supplies the end-point: it had been "more than fifty years… since there have been any Ciguayo where the Admiral now rules," and there was no one left to ask; not known: population at any date, self-name, language family, any vocabulary beyond tuob Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.15. | Documented |
| After 1547 (Las Casas, writing after his 1547 retirement) | Macorix | Where: Northern Hispaniola — Upper Macoris on the north-central coast (Puerto Plata to Nagua, inland to San Francisco de Macorís, and on the southeast coast), Lower Macoris in the northwest (Monte Cristi to Puerto Plata, inland to Santiago), with an outlier on the Pedernales Peninsula How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — Las Casas, after 1547, could not recall whether Macorís and Ciguayo differed in language, "since so many years have passed, and there is no one today from whom the information can be obtained"; not known: population, self-name, grammar, any word but baeza, any date of a last speaker Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.14. | Documented |
| 1552. | the Kazan Tatars of the Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552). | Where: the middle Volga, in and around the city of Kazan. How they lived: as a settled khanate of towns, mosques, madrasas and Volga trade, heir of the Golden Horde, striking its own coinage and keeping its own chronicles. The war or conquest — and who did it: Ivan IV of Russia besieged and stormed Kazan in 1552, after two failed campaigns. How they were killed: in the storming of the city and the fighting around the conquest, numbered in the chronicles in the thousands — no settled count is carried here. Outcome: the Volga opened to Russia and the khanate was abolished — a named state with named khans, ended on a dated day in its own and its conqueror's records. Kazan is today the capital of Tatarstan; the Tatars stand. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§2.4–2.5; THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §§6–7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1555 (Peace of Augsburg, 25 September; Peace of Amasya, 29 May) | the princes and peoples of the Holy Roman Empire; the Ottoman and Safavid empires. | Where: The German lands of the Empire; the Ottoman–Safavid frontier from the Caucasus to Iraq How they lived: Under settlements that made religion and frontier matters of state law — in the Empire, each prince choosing Catholicism or the Augsburg Confession for his territory, dissenting subjects holding a right to emigrate The war or conquest — and who did it: Settlements, not battles: Augsburg closed the Empire's first confessional war (the Schmalkaldic War, 1546–47); Amasya closed a generation of Ottoman–Safavid war since Chaldiran (1514). The formula cuius regio, eius religio is a jurists' summary of c. 1600, not Augsburg's wording How they were killed: Not a killing entry — the entries of the wars these settlements closed carry the killing Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part A2 and Part B2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1556. | the peoples of the Khanate of Astrakhan (1466–1556), at the Volga's mouth. | Where: Astrakhan and the lower Volga, on the Caspian's north shore. How they lived: as a trading khanate at the river's mouth — the city the gazetteer tables would still be printing two and a half centuries later as a chief city of "Russian Tartary," with Tobolsk. The war or conquest — and who did it: Ivan IV of Russia took Astrakhan in 1556, four years after Kazan. How they were killed: OWED in this record at figure level — the conquest is documented; no toll is carried here. Outcome: Russia held the whole Volga from Kazan to the Caspian, and the road east stood open: Yermak crossed the Urals against the Sibir Khanate in 1581–82, and Tobolsk was founded in 1587. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Mid-16th century | Taíno | Where: Hispaniola How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — war, enslavement, famine, the mines, encomienda, and disease including the 1518–19 smallpox epidemic, in the file's sequence How they were killed: By the mid-16th century, counts of unmixed Taíno on Hispaniola were in the hundreds, in the file's documented sequence from ~60,000 by ~1508 and 26,000–32,000 in 1514 Outcome: not classed in the record — the file states expressly that any statement that the Taíno are wholly "extinct" cannot be held: the Taíno polities and language community of Hispaniola were destroyed as functioning societies within two generations, but Taíno people and ancestry did not wholly vanish — modern Dominican, Puerto Rican and Cuban populations carry substantial Taíno ancestry, and Taíno descendant communities assert continuity Record: genocide/caribbean-and-conquest.md §§1, 5. | Documented |
| July 1562 | Maya | Where: Maní, Yucatán How they lived: Maya peoples lived in many polities speaking related languages, with milpa agriculture — a polyculture centred on maize, beans and squash — complemented by home gardens, terracing, raised fields and wetland systems, and a written book tradition in hieroglyphic codices (knowledge/maya.md, Traditions and Crafts/Arts/Skills; practices/farming.md §5) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Fray Diego de Landa, Franciscan provincial in Yucatán, conducted an inquisitorial campaign in 1562 culminating in the auto de fe at Maní How they were killed: The event is the burning of the record, in the burner's own confession (Relación de las cosas de Yucatán, c. 1566): "we burned them all, which they regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction"; Landa's own figures for the Maní ceremony were 27 books (rolls) and some 5,000 "idols"; no total for books destroyed across the wider campaign is documented at that precision and none is printed in the file. What survives of the entire Maya book tradition is four codices. The campaign also documents torture and physical coercion of the same people, as the file states Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/record-destruction-as-evidence.md §4. | Documented |
| 1565; and 1605 | Ais | Where: The Indian River Lagoon, from Cape Canaveral to St. Lucie Inlet; the paramount town Jece How they lived: The Ais paramountcy held the lagoon; Jonathan Dickinson, wrecked in 1696 and held a month at Jece, the paramount town, recorded its chief ruling the coast's towns (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.5) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Menéndez's 1565 visit; Governor Ibarra's presidio of Santa Lucía (1565) in Ais country was quickly driven out; Álvaro Mexía's 1605 mission and map, on which the Ais agreed to ransom wreck survivors How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the post-1760 Ais entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.5. | Documented |
| 1566; 1567–69 | Calusa | Where: Mound Key, southwest Florida How they lived: Eyewitnesses reported over 4,000 gathered for Menéndez's 1566 alliance ceremony with King Carlos at Mound Key; modern population estimates in the file range 4,000–7,000, up to 10,000–20,000 for the wider paramountcy — divergent, no census exists (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.3) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Menéndez (1566); the Jesuit mission and Fort San Antón de Carlos (1567–69) failed; a Franciscan mission in 1697 lasted months. The Calusa uniquely resisted missionisation for two centuries How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Calusa entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.3. | Documented |
| 1566–67 | Mayaca | Where: The upper St. Johns valley south of Lake George How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Spaniards first encountered them in 1566, ransoming Frenchmen they held; in 1567 Mayaca joined Saturiwa and Potano, with Spanish aid, against the Agua Dulce Timucua How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1743 Mayaca entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.8. | Documented |
| March 1567; abandoned by 1570 | Tequesta | Where: Biscayne Bay, the Miami River's mouth How they lived: Their main village stood at the Miami River's mouth *(fill drawn from this Chronology's own entry "1513 — Tequesta", How they lived)* The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Menéndez was received in 1565 and in March 1567 planted a Jesuit mission in a stockade with 30 soldiers; it was abandoned by 1570 after soldiers executed the chief's uncle How they were killed: The chief's uncle was executed by Spanish soldiers, as the file records; no Tequesta death figure is given. No sourced contact population exists for Tequesta alone in the file Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Tequesta entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4. | Documented |
| c. AD 1554–1558 — K'iche' writers set the Popol Vuh into alphabetic writing shortly after the Spanish conquest of Guatemala; the tradition behind the writing is older, TRADITION at its class. The 1550s manuscript is lost; the text survives in a copy of c. 1701–1703. | The K'iche' Maya of highland Guatemala, a Postclassic kingdom's people, writing under colonial rule to preserve their own council book. | Where: The Guatemalan highlands — the K'iche' kingdom's towns, Q'umarkaj their fallen capital among them. How they lived: A maize-farming, city-and-lineage culture of ballcourts, temples, and council houses, whose book joins creation, the Hero Twins, and the genealogy of their kings in one telling. The war or conquest — and who did it: The frame of the writing is conquest — Spain's invasion of the K'iche' kingdom (1524) and its aftermath are why the book was written down when it was. Inside the telling, the destruction of the wooden people is sent by the Heart of Sky. How they were killed: In the telling: by flood and a rain of heavy resin, and by their own animals, grinding stones, pots, and dogs rising against them; those who fled to the forest became the monkeys. Outcome: The K'iche' book survives the conquest that occasioned its writing — the most important single work of Indigenous American literature to come through the colonial centuries — carrying the flood as one destruction in a counted series of makings, before the true people are made of maize. Record: THE_FLOOD_TRADITIONS_OF_THE_NATIONS_2026-10-28.md, §10. | TRADITION — the people’s own book, carried at the published record. |
| 1570. | no people — a map: Abraham Ortelius, Tartariae sive Magni Chami Regni typus, "Tartary, or the Kingdom of the Great Khan," in the first edition of the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Antwerp. | Where: the sheet letters TARTARIA at its centre, with Bargu, Mongul, Tenduc, the Lop desert, Cathaia and China disposed around it, MARE GLACIALE across the Arctic top. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a compilation, and a confessed one: Ortelius printed his authorities in the atlas's Catalogus Auctorum — Gastaldi's Asia maps, Marco Polo (whose names Tenduc, Bargu and Cathaia stand on the sheet), the Franciscan reports, and Anthony Jenkinson's 1562 map of Russia, the fruit of Jenkinson's own journey to Bukhara. How they were killed: — Outcome: the title itself states the label's meaning — the Great Khan's realm and its successor lands. The sheet shows its seams openly (a Polo Japan, speculative Arctic coasts): the signature of a map of the poorly known, not of a censored one. The same volume is the first modern atlas, its catalogue of authorities printed at its back. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.2 and Addendum §A.4; THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 7 October 1571 | the Ottoman Empire's fleet and the seamen of the empire; against them the Holy League of Spain, Venice and the Papal States under Don John of Austria. | Where: The battle was fought in the Gulf of Patras, off Lepanto (Naupaktos), Greece How they lived: The Ottoman sea world Piri Reis had charted two generations before — galley fleets crewed by sailors, soldiers and enslaved rowers on both sides, the last great battle of oared warships The war or conquest — and who did it: The Cyprus war of 1570–73: the League fleet destroyed the Ottoman battle fleet in a single day's gun and boarding battle How they were killed: Killed in the battle at galley range — shot, cut down in boarding, and drowned as ships sank and burned; the sources' figures for the dead differ widely (tens of thousands on the Ottoman side in the usual accounts) and are carried as the sources' figures, not a count; thousands of enslaved Christian rowers were freed from the captured galleys Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part B1. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1573 — Viceroy Francisco de Toledo implemented the Potosí mita; the annual draft was fixed at over 14,000 men by 1578 and had fallen to about 4,000 a century later; the Peruvian mita is dated 1573–1812. Mercury production at Huancavelica had begun in 1564. | the adult men of the mita's designated Andean provinces — one-seventh of the adult male population levied in rotation — travelling often with their families from communities hundreds of kilometres away.. | Where: The designated provinces of the central and southern Andes; the work was at Potosí's mines and refineries and at Huancavelica's mercury works. How they lived: Under a pre-Hispanic labour obligation adapted by the colonial state into a mining draft, beside free wage labourers (mingas) paid at higher rates — the draft's function was to hold down the price of labour by guaranteeing a fixed-price core. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war in this entry — the system was the Spanish colonial state's own, implemented by its viceroy. How they were killed: The dossier documents mortality, displacement and mass flight linked to the mita districts, and chronic mercury poisoning at Huancavelica and the refining mills; no countable death total is carried — a total is OWED, and the circulated "eight million" is NOT VERIFIED (NV-4). Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/resource_theft/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, Case 2, §§2.2–2.3 [MINING-AMERICAS; COLE; CARPIO & GUERRERO; ROBINS]. | DOCUMENTED |
| 2 November 1571 (solemn establishment; authorised by Philip II's decree of 25 January 1569; the first Edict of Faith followed on 4 November 1571) | the peoples of New Spain — of whom the exempt Indigenous population was, by Alberro's estimate, 75 to 80 percent of everyone in the viceroyalty. | Where: New Spain, Guatemala and the Philippines — the tribunal's jurisdiction, an ocean-spanning court sitting in Mexico City How they lived: OWED at this entry's weight — the peoples' ways of life stand in the dossier's Part A and in the peoples classes, not in this institutional anchor entry The war or conquest — and who did it: No war attaches to this entry; the tribunal's machinery was denunciation under the Edict of Faith, arrest with sequestration of property, secret trial, and sentences published at the auto-da-fé How they were killed: Not a killing entry at this date — across the tribunal's whole operation (1571–1820) executions were rare: González Obregón's classic estimate counts 51 death sentences carried out, with his own warning that the records are poor; the total is NOT VERIFIED (dossier NV-1) and is carried here as his estimate only Outcome: OWED Record: Mexico dossier §§B4.2, B4.4; class page /class-mexico-inquisition-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED (the 1571 erection date rests in part on the Catholic Encyclopedia as an institutional source, flagged as such in the dossier's sources table). |
| 1576–78 | Inuit | Where: Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island; the island the Inuit called Kodlunarn, "white man's island" How they lived: Community life organised around seasonal availability of sea mammals (seal, walrus, beluga, narwhal, bowhead), caribou, fish and birds, with sharing networks distributing country food; the ringed seal was across much of the coastal Arctic the most reliable year-round resource — food, lamp oil, clothing, boat covers, line and floats (knowledge/inuit.md, Traditions; practices/whales-and-seals.md, Seal Hunting) The war or conquest — and who did it: England — Martin Frobisher, sent by an English company to find the Northwest Passage How they were killed: Frobisher traded and fought with the Inuit, lost five men ashore, seized an Inuk man who died in England, and in 1577 and 1578 kidnapped Inuit (a man, and a woman and child, all dead in England within weeks) and fought the pitched battle the English accounts call Bloody Point; the file gives no Inuit death figure for Bloody Point. Inuit tradition, recorded by Charles Francis Hall in 1861–62 from the elder Uqijjuaqsi, held that the five lost sailors had lived among the Inuit, built a boat, sailed too early and died in the attempt — carried in the file as Tradition, the people's own account Outcome: not classed in the record Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §§12–13. | Documented |
| After 1595 | Shebayo | Where: Trinidad, the south and southwest coast, with the Lokono Arawak and Yaio How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Columbus sighted Trinidad in 1498 but there was no permanent Spanish settlement until San José de Oruña in 1592; England — Ralegh sacked St Joseph in 1595, freeing chained chiefs How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 17th-century Shebayo entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.16. | Documented |
| 8 December 1596 | the Carvajal family — Portuguese New Christians of New Spain: Francisca Núñez de Carvajal, her children Isabel, Catalina, Leonor and Luis de Carvajal the Younger, and their circle. | Where: New Spain — the family of Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva the Elder, governor of the Nuevo Reino de León from 1579, on Mexico's northeast frontier and in Mexico City How they lived: A family holding to Judaism in secret under the tribunal's eye; reconciled at the auto of 24 February 1590 and sentenced to perpetual imprisonment and the sanbenito, they held to their faith inside the prison — writing messages, the record says, in tiny script on pear seeds — and were denounced again as relapsed. Luis the Younger's spiritual autobiography, written in minute script in a book small enough to hide on his body, was seized and used as evidence against him The war or conquest — and who did it: No war attaches to this entry; the agency was the Tribunal of the Holy Office of Mexico, proceeding on denunciations of relapse after the 1590 reconciliation How they were killed: Executed at the auto-da-fé of 8 December 1596 — nine of that auto's condemned burned in all, in the standard account: the mother and daughters, reconciling at the end, were garroted first and burned after; Luis, refusing, burned alive Outcome: OWED Record: Mexico dossier §B4.5; class page /class-mexico-inquisition-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED. |
| After 1595 | Yaio | Where: Southwest Trinidad, a Cariban people, with a second Yao group recorded in French Guiana How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — sighting 1498, no permanent settlement until 1592; England — Ralegh's 1595 attack on St Joseph How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 17th-century Yaio entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.17. | Documented |
ERA 4 — THE CONQUEST CENTURIES (1600–1799)
The long grind. Florida's peoples end one by one in the record; New England burns and exports its captives; Fort Pitt's attempt is documented in the perpetrators' own letters; Siberia's extirpation order of 1742 is issued — and fails; the Cape's commando era opens; California's missions are founded at the era's close; and in 1797 the Garífuna are deported entire — and survive, which is why their file states on its face that it is not an extermination account.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| Through the 1600s | Guanahatabey | Where: Far western Cuba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — Granberry & Vescelius report sporadic references to the Guanahatabey "through the 1600s" as de habla distinta, "of a different language," suggesting survival "until at least the 1600s, perhaps beyond"; encyclopaedic summaries instead say they "seem to have disappeared before any further information about them was recorded." There is no agreed last mention, no population figure, no self-name on record, and no known language family Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.13. | Documented |
| by ~1600 | Indigenous peoples of the Americas (hemisphere) (see also 1492) | Where: Western hemisphere How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: European arrival and colonisation; epidemic mortality magnified by colonial conditions (concentration, enslavement, destroyed food systems) per file §4 How they were killed: Koch et al. (2019): European epidemics removed 90% (IQR 87–92%) of the Indigenous population over the century after 1492 — a decline to roughly 5–6 million by ~1600. Epidemic disease is the largest single cause on the scholarly consensus; the file does not attribute the entire decline to deliberate killing. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: demographic-collapse.md §2, §4. | Documented (study's model/synthesis, with IQRs as filed) |
| 20 March 1602 (charter of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) | the Dutch Republic's merchants and shareholders; the peoples of Asia and the Atlantic world who would meet the company. | Where: Chartered at The Hague and governed from Amsterdam; its zone ran east of the Cape of Good Hope and through the Strait of Magellan How they lived: The first shore's new instrument: permanent joint-stock capital, shares any resident could buy and sell (a market in them followed at Amsterdam), a state monopoly, and sovereign powers — forts, armies, treaties, war The war or conquest — and who did it: No single war in this entry — a charter: the States General forced the competing pre-companies into one company and armed it with the powers of a state; the conquests it then made stand in their own entries and classes How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no deaths are recorded for the charter itself Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part A5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 17th century | Shebayo | Where: Trinidad (and the mainland shore opposite, where the same peoples were also found) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — Shebayo vanish from Trinidad's record in the 17th century; reference lists give no extinction date beyond "attested 17th century." Because the same peoples existed on the mainland, disappearance from Trinidad cannot by itself prove the language died everywhere when it left the island; no later record of the language anywhere has been found. What survives is seventeen words in a Dutch book of 1633 Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.16. | Documented |
| 17th century | Yaio | Where: Trinidad and French Guiana How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — reference records date Yao's extinction simply to the 17th century. There is no last speaker, no last dated mention of a Yao community, no population figure for Trinidad or Guiana, and no evidence establishing whether the Trinidad and French Guiana Yao were one people or what became of either group; absorption on the Guiana coast is the direction of the documented flight, but no source follows them to a destination community Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.17. | Documented |
| By 1603–1608 | St. Lawrence Iroquoians | Where: Stadacona and Hochelaga, on the St. Lawrence How they lived: Before their dispersal from the river: palisaded longhouse towns farming maize, beans and squash on the St. Lawrence lowlands, as at the 1534 and 1535–36 entries — the town life whose end by 1603–1608 is documented while its cause (dispersal and absorption among neighbouring peoples, war, disease) remains Debated (dossier §§1.2, 3.1, §13 C-5). *Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§1.2, 3.1.* The war or conquest — and who did it: France — Cartier's colonising return of 1541–42 failed; when Champlain came in 1603 and 1608, Stadacona and Hochelaga were gone How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: arrival/the-arrival.md §§11, 16. | Debated |
| 1608 | Susquehannock | Where: The Susquehanna Valley; the Susquehanna's mouth How they lived: From the 1620s they traded furs with Virginia and with Dutch and Swedish traders on Delaware Bay, obtaining muskets in the 1630s (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10) The war or conquest — and who did it: England — John Smith met about 60 Susquehannock warriors at the Susquehanna's mouth in 1608; this is a record entry, not a conquest event How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Susquehannock entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10. | Documented |
| 1613–17 | Timucua | Where: Timucua Province, northern Florida, inside the Franciscan mission system begun in earnest in 1587 How they lived: Timucua-speaking peoples in dozens of chiefdoms *(fill drawn from this Chronology's own entry "1513 — Timucua", How they lived)* The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the Franciscan mission system, with labour drafts (repartimiento) for St. Augustine, mission consolidation and declining fertility compounding mortality in the file's account How they were killed: The epidemics of 1613–17 are documented by name and year in the file: contemporaries said half died (Pareja et al., 1617, in Worth, 1998) Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Timucua entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.2. | Documented |
| 1616–19 | Massachusett | Where: The New England coast How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: The 1616–19 epidemic devastated Massachusett and Wampanoag neighbours of Patuxet; pathogen unidentified and mortality estimates ranged one-third to as high as 90 per cent, with the file's warning on the data — see the Patuxet entry at this date Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Debated |
| 1616–19 | Patuxet | Where: Patuxet, the village site Plymouth colonists occupied in 1620 How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: An epidemic emptied Patuxet in 1616–19. The pathogen is unidentified — candidates from smallpox to leptospirosis with Weil syndrome (Marr & Cathey, 2010) — and published mortality estimates for the wider wave "range from one-third to as high as 90 per cent" on data the file warns lacks reliable numerators and denominators; the range, with its warning, is what the record carries Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Debated |
| 1616–19 | Wampanoag | Where: The New England coast How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: The 1616–19 epidemic devastated Wampanoag and Massachusett neighbours of Patuxet; pathogen unidentified and mortality estimates ranged one-third to as high as 90 per cent, with the file's warning on the data — see the Patuxet entry at this date Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Debated |
| 1619 | Haush | Where: The Mitre Peninsula at Isla Grande's far eastern tip, Tierra del Fuego; the Haush (Manekenk) were among the island's oldest inhabitants in the file's account How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the García de Nodal expedition, first recorded European contact, 1619; Cook encountered them in 1769 and the Beagle, with Darwin aboard, in 1832 — record entries, not conquest events How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the c. 1920 Haush entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.18. | Documented |
| 1634–36 (Dutch took Curaçao 1634, Aruba 1636); and 1723 | Caquetío | Where: Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, and the Venezuelan mainland (Santa Ana de Coro, founded 26 July 1527; El Carrizal, founded 1723) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — on the mainland the covenant respecting the Caquetío chief Manaure at Coro was broken in 1529 when Ehinger arrived for the Welser of Augsburg, whose Klein-Venedig regime ran to 1545; the Netherlands — under the Dutch (Curaçao 1634, Aruba 1636), remaining Indians were deported to the mainland or scattered and absorbed How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1843/1862 Caquetío entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.12. | Documented |
| 26 May 1637 | Pequot | Where: Mystic, a fortified Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day southeastern Connecticut How they lived: The Pequot nation, centred on the Mystic River, was the dominant Indigenous power in the region when English settlement began in the 1630s, a position already weakened by the epidemic of 1633–34; Mystic was a palisaded town of densely packed dwellings (mystic-and-philips-war.md §1–2) The war or conquest — and who did it: England — Connecticut Colony's main body under Captain John Mason and Captain John Underhill with a smaller party from Massachusetts Bay, with Mohegan fighters under Uncas and Narragansett fighters in an outer ring (about 300 allies against about 80 English, as commonly given in the file) How they were killed: Before dawn Mason's and Underhill's men attacked; Mason records the decision, "We must burn them," and set fire to the dwellings, Underhill's force doing the same at the other entrance; the English and their allies killed the people who fled the fire. The people inside were mostly noncombatants — women, children and older men — because Sassacus and many warriors were at the second fortified town. Counts are the commanders' own, with their interests stated in the file: Underhill (1638), "about four hundred souls"; Mason (c. 1670), "six or seven hundred"; contemporary non-commander estimates run lower, to about 300. Range for the record: about 400 to 700 Pequot dead at Mystic on the commanders' counts. English losses were about two killed and twenty wounded. There is no Pequot count and no neutral count Outcome: not classed in the record — see the 1638 Pequot entry: the paper erasure failed and Pequot people stand today as the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation and the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation Record: genocide/mystic-and-philips-war.md §§1–3. | Documented |
| July 1637; and 26 February 1638 (the Desire's return) | Pequot | Where: Fairfield Swamp; and the Salem ship Desire, bound for Bermuda and carried to Providence Island How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — English forces and their allies pursued the fleeing bands through summer 1637; Governor John Winthrop ordered the export How they were killed: At the Fairfield Swamp Fight in July 1637 about 180 people, in the main noncombatants, were captured; captured men were in many cases executed, captured women and children distributed as servants and slaves in English households or assigned to allied nations. Winthrop's journal gives the campaign's July tally: "We had now slain and taken, in all, about seven hundred." Winthrop's journal also records: "We sent fifteen of the boys and two women to Bermuda, by Mr. Peirce; but he, missing it, carried them to Providence Isle" — 15 boys and 2 women on the Desire, the first documented shipment of enslaved Indigenous people out of New England in an English colonial vessel; the Desire returned 26 February 1638 bringing enslaved Africans into Massachusetts on the same round voyage Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/mystic-and-philips-war.md §§4–5. | Documented |
| 21 September 1638 | Pequot | Where: Hartford, Connecticut; the Pequots' native country, which the treaty forbade them to inhabit How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — the Treaty of Hartford, signed by representatives of Connecticut, the Mohegan and the Narragansett, disposing of about 200 Pequot survivors who had formally submitted How they were killed: The treaty distributed the survivors as spoils — the text: "There were then given to Onkos, Sachem of Monheag, Eighty; to Myan Tonimo, Sachem of Narragansett, Eighty; and to Nynigrett, Twenty…" — and dissolved the nation on paper: the Pequots "were then bound by Covenant, That none should inhabit their native Country, nor should any of them be called PEQUOTS any more, but Moheags and Narragansatts for ever." Others were already enslaved in English households or shipped out. Newell counts only 319 Pequot War captives remaining in New England, many held for life and their children after them Outcome: not classed in the record — the erasure is filed as an attempt, not an achievement: Pequot people preserved their identity, returned to their homeland in the following decades, and stand today as the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation (federally recognised, 1983) and the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation (state recognised) — the people standing Record: genocide/mystic-and-philips-war.md §§6–7. | Documented |
| The edicts of 1633, 1634, 1635, 1636 and 1639; the Portuguese expulsion 1639; the Dutch confined to Dejima 1641 | Tokugawa Japan under the third shogun, Iemitsu; the Japanese Christians, the Portuguese, and the Dutch of the factory at Hirado, then Dejima. | Where: Japan — the edicts issued from Edo; their sharpest ground was Kyushu, Nagasaki and the Christian districts of Shimabara and Amakusa How they lived: Under the bakuhan order — some 260 domain lords bound by alternate attendance at Edo — in the long Tokugawa peace, with foreign contact channelled to guarded gates: Nagasaki for the Dutch and Chinese, Tsushima for Korea, Satsuma for the Ryukyus, Matsumae for the Ainu trade. The word sakoku, "closed country," was coined only in 1801; the age's own word was kaikin, maritime restrictions The war or conquest — and who did it: No foreign conquest — a state's own edicts, enforced after the Shimabara rebellion (1637–38), a rising of taxed peasants and masterless samurai in a heavily Christian region, crushed with Dutch naval help How they were killed: At Hara castle, Shimabara, the rebellion's defenders were killed nearly to a man when it fell — the dead estimated at some 37,000 in the usual account, carried as an estimate; the edicts themselves prescribed death for Japanese who went abroad or returned from abroad, and for the harbouring of priests, in the 1636 edict's own words Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part C4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1641–42 to 1652 | Susquehannock | Where: The Chesapeake and the Susquehanna Valley How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — Maryland declared them enemies in 1641–42; fighting ran intermittently to the Articles of Peace and Friendship (1652), in which they relinquished Chesapeake claims How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Susquehannock entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10. | Documented |
| 1648 (treaties of Münster and Osnabrück) | the peoples of the Holy Roman Empire, and the belligerent states — the Emperor, France, Sweden, Spain and the princes. | Where: The German lands above all, the war's chief ground for thirty years How they lived: In territories repeatedly marched over, taxed by contributions and eaten bare by armies — most of the war's dead taken by disease and hunger in the armies' paths rather than in battle The war or conquest — and who did it: The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), begun in the Bohemian revolt and widened until Catholic France fought on the Protestant side against the Habsburgs — confessional and dynastic at once, the debate over which it "really" was carried as DEBATED How they were killed: On Peter H. Wilson's estimate the Empire lost perhaps a fifth of its population in the war years, most to disease and hunger; older estimates run higher and the range, not a single figure, is the record Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part A3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1622 (embassy to Luanda) – 1656 (Treaty of Luanda); she died 1663. | the Mbundu peoples of Ndongo and Matamba (in modern Angola), ruled by Queen Nzinga.. | Where: The Kwanza valley and the Matamba plateau, inland from Luanda, in modern Angola. How they lived: Taxed kingdoms with capitals, courts, iron-working and royal diplomacy conducted in writing with Portugal — Nzinga's own letters survive in the Portuguese archives. The war or conquest — and who did it: Portugal, from Luanda, waged war in alternation with diplomacy against Ndongo and Matamba for four decades, using allied Imbangala forces; Nzinga allied with the Dutch during their occupation of Luanda (1641–48) and fought on after their expulsion. How they were killed: War deaths across the four decades were counted by no one whose figures survive to a toll — OWED as a number; the campaigns, battles (including Kombi, 1647) and the 1656 treaty are documented. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/angola/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| April–May 1644 (Beijing falls; Shanhaiguan); May 1645 (Yangzhou) | the Chinese people of the falling Ming; the rebel host of Li Zicheng; the Manchu Qing armies of the regent Dorgon and Prince Dodo. | Where: Beijing and the north China plain; Yangzhou on the Grand Canal, in Jiangnan, the rich lower Yangzi country How they lived: In one of the world's largest commercial societies — Jiangnan's textile towns, Jingdezhen porcelain, taxes commuted to silver under the Single Whip reforms — struck together by fiscal strain, famine in the Little Ice Age's cold decades, epidemics and rebellion The war or conquest — and who did it: Li Zicheng's rebels took Beijing (the Chongzhen emperor hanged himself as the city fell, April 1644); the Ming general Wu Sangui admitted Dorgon's Manchu armies at Shanhaiguan, and together they broke Li (May 1644); the Qing then conquered southward against the Southern Ming How they were killed: At Yangzhou in May 1645, after Shi Kefa's defence refused surrender, Qing forces killed through the city for days — the eyewitness Wang Xiuchu's A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou is the primary account; his figure of more than 800,000 dead is his account's figure and is NOT carried as a count (modern historians judge it an extreme exaggeration); Jiading and Jiangyin were likewise massacred after resistance in 1645, and the queue order of that year made submission compulsory on pain of death Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part C2–C3. | DOCUMENTED (Wang's figure carried as testimony, not a count). |
| 1649–50; 1655–59; and 1672 | Timucua | Where: Timucua Province, inside the Franciscan mission system How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the mission system; labour drafts, consolidation and declining fertility compounded the mortality in the file's account How they were killed: Epidemic waves documented by name and year: 1649–50; 1655–59 ("plague and smallpox… very few Indians" left in Timucua Province, Governor Rebolledo, 1657; Chief Lucas Menéndez said almost half of Timucua Province died in 1655 alone); and 1672, with later waves Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Timucua entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.2. | Documented |
| 11 April 1649 | the Portuguese New Christian merchant network of New Spain, arrested wholesale from 1642 — among them Ana de Carvajal, at about seventy years of age. | Where: Mexico City and the ports and provinces of New Spain How they lived: OWED at this entry's weight — the accused were merchants and their families, held for years in the tribunal's secret prisons awaiting sentence The war or conquest — and who did it: No war attaches to this entry; the agency was the Tribunal of the Holy Office of Mexico. Portugal's break from the Spanish crown in 1640 had made Portuguese New Christians suspects twice over — as judaizers and as the enemy's kin — and denunciations ripened into the Gran Complicidad, the "Great Conspiracy" case How they were killed: Thirteen were burned in person at the auto of 11 April 1649; a great company of the rest were punished in effigy and in bones, because after years in the secret prisons more of the accused had died awaiting sentence than stood alive to receive it. The accused numbered over one hundred; the precise count commonly printed is NOT VERIFIED (dossier NV-2) Outcome: OWED Record: Mexico dossier §B4.6; class page /class-mexico-inquisition-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED (the accused count carried as "over one hundred"). |
| Mid-17th century to 1861 (Dolgikh's figures: about 4,700–5,000 in the mid-17th century → 3,700 by the 1680s → 2,600 by 1700 → about 1,000 in Yakutia by 1861) | Yukaghir (tribal groups including Chuvan, Khodyn and Anaul) | Where: From the Lena to the Anadyr, Siberia How they lived: A dog-sled economy that ate the fish the Yukaghir lived on (famine mechanism named in the file) The war or conquest — and who did it: Russian conquest — epidemics (1657, 1659–60, 1691–92), famine, warfare, and assimilation into Yakut, Even, Chukchi, Koryak and Russian populations; the Anaul group disappeared as a separate group in this process (the secondary-summary suggestion that Tsarist policy "may have included genocide" against the Anaul is Debated/Claim, not a finding) How they were killed: Smallpox in the 1690s reduced Yukaghir numbers by an estimated 44 percent (Richards's demographic summary); the population series above is the carried figure, no death total constructed Outcome: People standing — 1,509 in the 2002 census, 1,802 in 2010; two Yukaghir languages survive, both critically endangered; the amalgamated tribal groups are carried in the census's Class B discussion at grouped level only, outside the count Record: asia-and-the-north.md §4.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §§4, 4.1. | Class C (the Yukaghir people); grouped Class B discussion only for the amalgamated tribal groups |
| 1656 | Timucua | Where: Timucua Province How they lived: Timucua-speaking peoples in dozens of chiefdoms *(fill drawn from this Chronology's own entry "1513 — Timucua", How they lived)*; their language is the exception to Florida's thinness in the file: Pareja's grammar and confessionarios (1612–1614) preserve a large written corpus — documentation, not survival *(the Chronology's entry "Fall 1763; and 14 November 1767 — Timucua", How they lived)* The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the Timucua Rebellion of 1656 against labour drafts and the governor's abuses was suppressed with executions and exile (Hann, 1996; Worth, 1998, in the file) How they were killed: Executions and exile are recorded in the file; no death figure is given Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Timucua entry; for Acuera after this rebellion see the 1697 Acuera entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.2. | Documented |
| 1659–60 and 1673–77 (Khoekhoe–Dutch wars); disintegration through the following decades | Khoekhoe (western Cape polities) | Where: Cape, South Africa How they lived: Pastoralists of the peninsula and south-western Cape, with cattle herds The war or conquest — and who did it: Dutch East India Company station at the Cape (from 1652) growing by land seizure; Khoekhoe–Dutch wars 1659–60 and 1673–77 broke organised resistance in the western Cape How they were killed: Land loss, cattle seizure, and incorporation as farm labour; society disintegrated under land loss — no figure given in the files for this entry Outcome: People standing — Khoekhoe descendant communities (Griqua, Nama, Korana (!Ora) and others) stand today; never an extinction of the Khoekhoe Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §5.1. | not classed in the record (guard case in the files) |
| 1661; 1663; 1666 | Susquehannock | Where: The Susquehanna Valley How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Haudenosaunee besieged them in 1663 — an Indigenous power, named as the file names it How they were killed: They suffered smallpox in 1661, yet withstood a Haudenosaunee siege in 1663 and destroyed an Onondaga war party in 1666; no death figure is given in the file Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Susquehannock entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10. | Documented |
| 1675–76 | Native peoples of southern New England — captives of King Philip's War, including Metacom's wife and young son | Where: Exported from New England to Barbados, Bermuda, Jamaica, the Azores, Spain and Tangier in North Africa, among other places (Fisher, 2017, in the file) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — English forces in King Philip's War; Newell (2015), on the colonial records, establishes that English forces "converted more than two thousand surviving Indians into English captives" — roughly two-fifths of the Native people remaining within the New England colonies' boundaries How they were killed: Over a thousand were enslaved and exported out of New England — carried in the file's standard modern summaries as at least 1,000 sold into slavery overseas — the largest episode of Indigenous slave export in colonial New England's history in the file. Native people who surrendered under English offers of clemency "were enslaved at nearly the same rate as captured combatants" (Fisher, 2017). Metacom's wife and son were sold into slavery overseas despite John Eliot's plea. Captives who remained were dispersed into English households as slaves and long-term indentured servants, including children bound out into their twenties, sometimes until age 25 or 30 Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/mystic-and-philips-war.md §§8, 10. | Documented |
| 1675–76 (fighting in the north continuing to 1678) | Native peoples of southern New England — King Philip's War, named by the English for Metacom, sachem of the Wampanoag | Where: Southern New England How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — the New England colonies, in King Philip's War How they were killed: The war's Native death toll is given in the file's standard summaries at roughly 3,000–5,000 from combat, disease and starvation, out of a southern New England Native population of about 20,000 Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/mystic-and-philips-war.md §8. | Documented |
| 13 October 1675 (roundup ordered); 30 October 1675 (first parties transported); winter 1675–76; released spring and summer 1676 | Praying Indians | Where: Deer Island, Boston Harbor; the fourteen "praying towns" established under John Eliot's mission, Natick first among them How they lived: Christian converts of the praying towns, formally allied to Massachusetts; praying Indian scouts served with English forces throughout the war (mystic-and-philips-war.md §9) The war or conquest — and who did it: England — the Massachusetts Council ordered the praying Indians rounded up; colonial fear overrode the alliance How they were killed: About 500 to 1,100 people were interned (National Park Service range; exact numbers unknown — women and children the majority), on an exposed harbour island with little shelter, poor soil and almost no food but shellfish, through a New England winter. Eliot, visiting in December 1675: "The Island was bleak and cold, their wigwams poor and mean, their clothes few and thin." By the commonly repeated estimate in the file, about half of those confined died of starvation, exposure and disease during the winter of 1675–76. Some survivors were afterwards among those sold overseas, and the praying towns were never restored to their pre-war extent Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/mystic-and-philips-war.md §9. | Documented |
| September–early November 1675; and January 1676 | Susquehannock | Where: A palisaded fort on Piscataway Creek, Maryland, built after a reported major defeat c. 1674 How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — a ~1,000-man Virginia and Maryland militia besieged the fort for six weeks How they were killed: The militia summarily executed five sachems summoned to a parley; the Susquehannock escaped by night in early November. Retaliatory raids in January 1676 helped precipitate Bacon's Rebellion. No total death figure is given in the file Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1677 and 1763 Susquehannock entries Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10. | Documented |
| March 1677 | Susquehannock | Where: The Susquehanna Valley; a mixed Susquehannock–Seneca village on the Conestoga River became Conestoga Town How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — a 1701 deed and treaty set aside land for their use in Manor Township, and William Penn visited in 1700; see the 1763 entry for the end of the distinct polity Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10. | Documented |
| 1680s (first appearance in Spanish records); missions in the 1690s | Jororo | Where: South of the Mayaca in the Kissimmee River valley lake country; they spoke the Mayaca language How they lived: The Jororo lived in the Kissimmee valley lake country and spoke the Mayaca language (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.7) — THIN throughout in the file: no 16th-century contact narrative, no contact population figure, no recoverable pre-1680 documentary history, and any earlier first-contact date would be invention in the file's words The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — in the 1690s Spain planted Concepción de Atoyquime, San Joseph de Jororo, and a mission at Atissimi/Jizime, increasingly repopulated with Yamasee and other refugees as Jororo numbers fell How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1738–39 Jororo entry for the last clear reference Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.7. | Documented |
| 12 September 1683 (the relief of Vienna); 26 January 1699 (Treaty of Karlowitz) | the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed IV and his successors; the Holy League — Austria, Poland, Venice and later Russia. | Where: Vienna and the Hungarian plain; the treaty signed at Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci), on the Danube frontier How they lived: The empire Koçi Bey had already, in 1631, diagnosed from inside — offices sold, timars diverted from cavalry, the Janissary rolls swollen — governed through the Köprülü viziers' restoration and still capable of the greatest siege effort of the century The war or conquest — and who did it: The Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683) failed and was relieved by a Polish-Imperial army under John III Sobieski and Charles of Lorraine; the Holy League's sixteen years of war followed, Hungary reconquered by Austria campaign by campaign How they were killed: In the siege works and the relief battle at Vienna, and across the Hungarian campaigns — battle, siege, massacre and camp disease on all sides; entry-level figures for the war's whole cost are OWED in this record Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part B1. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1696–97 | Jororo | Where: The Jororo mission province — Atoyquime, San Joseph de Jororo, Atissimi/Jizime How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Spanish reprisal hunts followed the revolt for years How they were killed: The 1696–97 Jororo revolt — sparked, on Florida summaries of Hann in the file, by harsh punishment at Atoyquime — killed a friar, a Christian chief and two Guale boys (the file's figures for the revolt's victims); a Jororo village was found deserted, its church desecrated, and Jororo guides led a pursuing Spanish party three days into the swamp and abandoned them (Governor Torres y Ayala, 3 February 1697). No Jororo death figure is given Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1738–39 Jororo entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.7. | Documented |
| 13 March 1697 | the Itza Maya of Nojpetén. | Where: Nojpetén, on the Petén lakes — a Maya kingdom independent through the whole colonial era to this date How they lived: OWED at detail in the dossier — the dossier records the kingdom's standing refusal of missionaries and armies alike for a century and three quarters; its fuller way of life stands in the Maya records, not in this anchor entry The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the assault was built around a galley launched on the lake under Martín de Ursúa How they were killed: OWED — the dossier records the fall of the kingdom and gives no death figure for the assault, and none is printed here Outcome: OWED Record: Mexico dossier §A3; class page /class-mexico-inquisition-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1697 (last record); the forty years after the 1656 Timucua Rebellion | Acuera | Where: The Oklawaha valley, their homeland How they lived: After the 1656 rebellion no Acuera mission appears in Spanish records; the Acuera apparently defied the consolidation order and remained, non-Christian, in their homeland for another forty years, with multiple towns and traditional government — the 1678 trial of Calesa, nephew of Chief Jabahica, for ritual murders shows that system still operating (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.9) The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Spain consolidated on the Camino Real and abandoned Acuera after 1656 How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — last record 1697, when non-Christian Acuera living with the Ayapaja under one chief left their village to "live in the woods" (Hann, 1996); thereafter silence. Their dialect survives only as words inside Pareja's Timucua works; no last speaker is named Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.9. | Documented |
| 4 August 1701 | Some 1,300 delegates of roughly 39 Indigenous nations — Haudenosaunee, Anishinaabe, Wendat, Innu, Abenaki, and the nations of the Great Lakes and the Illinois country — with New France as one party among them. | Where: Their own territories across the north-east and the interior; the peace concluded at Montréal How they lived: Farming towns, hunting territories, confederacy and council governments, and a fur trade run through Indigenous middlemen across the Great Lakes — the interior's peoples governed and traded on their own systems (dossier §1) The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a conquest — a peace: the Great Peace ended the decades of war (the Beaver Wars) among the nations and France under Indigenous diplomatic forms — condolence, wampum, the calumet (Havard; dossier §3.4) How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a peace entry; it is filed here because it is the documentary proof of who held power in the interior in 1701 Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §3.4. | Documented. |
| After c. 1700; by 1715 | Ais | Where: The Indian River Lagoon coast How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — Carolina settlers and their Indigenous allies raided the Ais directly after c. 1700; seaborne English slaving and piracy in the mid-to-late 1600s had already pushed the Ais toward the Spanish alliance How they were killed: Raiders were "killing some and carrying captives to Charles Town to be sold as slaves" (Hann, 2003, in the file); no Ais death or captive figure is given. By 1715 Spanish salvage crews reported only a few Ais fishermen on the coast. A 1743 mission attempt among south-Florida refugees found Ais numbers already collapsed from "slave raids, disease and rum" (secondary summary of Hann, 2003 — the rum detail is secondary and marked THIN in the file) Outcome: Census Class A — see the post-1760 Ais entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.5. | Documented |
| 1700s–1800s (commando era, from ~1700 into the 19th century) | San bands of the settled Cape districts (southern San bands) | Where: Northern and eastern Cape frontier, South Africa How they lived: Hunter-gatherer bands The war or conquest — and who did it: Trekboer pastoralist expansion inland; the commando system — mounted settler militias with official sanction, at times bounties and payment in kind for kills and captures How they were killed: Commandos "hunted 'Bushmen' to near extinction" in the settled districts (record's own wording); captured children bound out as "apprentice" labour; San bands as organised communities in the south-western and southern districts were destroyed; survivors absorbed into farm labour and Coloured communities, or withdrew beyond the Orange River; no figure given in the files Outcome: The destroyed southern bands cannot be severally filed — carried as a grouped Class B record-line outside the counted subtotal; the San as a whole did not end (Khomani, Ju/'hoansi, Khwe and others stand) Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §§5.2, 11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2 grouped lines. | Class B (grouped line, outside the counted subtotal) |
| Gone from the record by the early 1700s (severally attested in the Narváez (1528) and de Soto (1539) records and the Menéndez era) | Tampa Bay chiefdoms, severally: Tocobaga · Uzita · Mocoso | Where: Tampa Bay, Florida, USA How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Epidemic disease and displacement by raids from the north; Tampa Bay then virtually uninhabited for over a century, per the census line How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Extinct — no descendant community or polity stands in the record for any of the three; languages essentially unattested beyond names and place-names; no practice community Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class A long tail). | Class A (grouped on one line, counted severally as 3) |
| May 1702; October 1702; 1704; 1706 | Timucua | Where: The Timucua missions — Santa Fé de Toloca and the coastal and western mission chains How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — English-allied Creeks burned Santa Fé de Toloca (May 1702); Governor Moore of Carolina's force burned the coastal missions (October 1702); his 1704 Apalachee invasion broke the western chain; a 1706 raid "completed the ruin" of the Timucua missions How they were killed: Mission Indians — Spain refused them firearms — were killed or carried to Charles Town for sale; no Timucua death figure for these raids is given in the file. The count narrows in the file's sequence: ~1,000 remaining by 1700; ~250 by c. 1720; 176 in 1726; 26 by 1752 in some counts Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1763 Timucua entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.2. | Documented |
| 1704 | Apalachee | Where: Florida mission province (Spanish Florida) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: English–Creek raids of 1704 destroyed the mission province How they were killed: Survivors enslaved to Carolina, absorbed among the Lower Creek, or fled west; no figure given in the census line Outcome: Polity ended; people did not — some 300 descendants stand in Louisiana as the organised Talimali Band of the Apalachee Indians; the Apalachee language is extinct Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class B long tail); genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.2. | Class B; Documented |
| After 1704 | Jaega | Where: Jupiter Inlet and the east Florida coast How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — Yamasee/Creek slaving raids after 1704 depopulated the coast How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1738 and 1760 Jaega entries Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.6. | Documented |
| From 1704 | Tequesta | Where: The mainland at Biscayne Bay, then the Florida Keys How they lived: The Tequesta salvaged wrecks and traded with Havana, nearer than St. Augustine; Spain thereafter largely left Biscayne Bay alone until this period (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4). Disease from sustained contact is asserted generally in Florida sources, but no dated Tequesta epidemic wave is named in Hann (2003) — THIN for specifics in the file The war or conquest — and who did it: England — from 1704, Carolina-armed Yamasee, Yuchi and Creek raiders in Queen Anne's War slaving drove the Tequesta from the mainland to the Keys; Spanish policy from 1704 was removal to Cuba How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Tequesta entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4. | Documented |
| the flag-book family at Amsterdam, c. 1695–1705; the Russian edition at Moscow, 1709. (The owl flag stands already in the Nieuwe Hollandse Scheepsbouw, 1694/1695; the dragon text in the Book of Flags, Amsterdam, 1705.) | no people — a flag chart's attribution, headed for "the king (in the Russian edition, the Tsar) of Tartary" — a single sovereign the record shows never existed. | Where: the plates were made in Amsterdam; their subject is the Tatar rulers as European chart-makers understood them. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a commercial reference work for merchants and sailors. Allard's text describes the banner in words: "Flag of the king of Tartary, yellow with a black dragon (great serpent) with basilisk tail, couchant, facing toward the fly" — and gives Tartary a second flag, "yellow with a black owl with yellowish breast." The pair was reprinted across the century's charts (Kiev 1709; Homann; Paris 1750; Augsburg 1760; English charts of 1783 among them). How they were killed: — Outcome: what the chart establishes, at full strength: that European chart-makers of c. 1700 associated a black-dragon-on-yellow banner with the Tatar rulers — an attribution with a partial real root in khanate emblematics (Kazan's own emblem was the dragon Zilant). What it does not establish: a national flag of a unified Tartarian state, there being no such state to fly one. The sleek griffin of the modern merchandise is a later redrawing of Allard's couchant dragon. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, Addendum §A.2. | the plates and text DOCUMENTED; the reading of them as an imperial standard CLAIM. |
| 1706, Paris. | no people — a map: Guillaume Delisle, Carte de Tartarie, drawn from Russian and Chinese sources. | Where: the sheet covers the whole expanse the label named, from the Caspian to the Pacific. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a drawing from the two empires' own materials, in the generation when Russian and Qing surveying was beginning to fill the label in. How they were killed: — Outcome: the label at its most authoritative — and already a label over parts: the empires whose sources Delisle used were the same powers the gazetteer tables would divide the expanse between. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.2; THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §5. The digitised copy held in the Maps Programme is the Amsterdam reissue by Covens & Mortier (Register H2). | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1706 (Bayogoula); Acolapissa gone as a separate people c. 1765 | Bayogoula · Acolapissa | Where: Gulf coast (Louisiana) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Bayogoula massacred by their Taensa guests in 1706 and broken by smallpox; both remnants merged into the Houma (French reports of 1739 already show the three merging) Outcome: Ended as separate peoples; descendants are citizens of the United Houma Nation Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class B long tail). | Class B (grouped, counted severally as 2) |
| 1708 | Mayaca | Where: The upper St. Johns; refuge around St. Augustine and south to Lake Okeechobee, long after called Lake Mayaca How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — in 1708 English-allied raids drove part of the Mayaca to refuge around St. Augustine and others south to Lake Okeechobee How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1738–39 and 1743 Mayaca entries Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.8. | Documented |
| Spring 1711 | Calusa | Where: South Florida; transported to Havana, Cuba How they lived: The Calusa paramountcy held the lagoon country from Mound Key; eyewitnesses reported over 4,000 gathered for Menéndez's 1566 alliance ceremony with King Carlos at Mound Key, and modern population estimates in the file range 4,000–7,000, up to 10,000–20,000 for the wider paramountcy — divergent, no census exists *(fill drawn from this Chronology's own entries "May 1513; and 1521 — Calusa" and "1566; 1567–69 — Calusa", How they lived)* The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — 270 south-Florida refugees were taken to Havana in spring 1711 (Worth, 2004, citing Hann, 2003, in the file's Part II governing note) How they were killed: In 1711 about 50 Calusa, including the hereditary chief and his heir, were among the 270 taken to Havana; c. 200 of the 270 died of typhus and smallpox within three months, including, Worth notes, the entire Calusa noble lineage; the survivors were dispersed among Cuban householders and only 16–18 of the transport later returned (file's governing note) Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Calusa entry; one named survivor in Cuba: Leonor de Sayas, a Calusa woman who bore daughters in Guanabacoa in 1729 and 1731 Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part II governing note; §II.3. | Documented |
| Spring 1711 | Jaega | Where: Jupiter Inlet / Jove (Jobe); transported to Havana, Cuba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the 1711 Havana transport How they were killed: Worth's manifest for the 1711 Havana transport lists 220 non-Calusa refugees including people of "Jove" (Jobe/Jaega) among the 270 — over 200 of whom died within three months (Worth, 2004, in the file; figures for the transport, not Jaega alone) Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1738 and 1760 Jaega entries Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.6. | Documented |
| Spring 1711 | Tequesta | Where: The Keys and Miami/Tequesta area; transported to Havana, Cuba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — Spanish policy from 1704 was removal to Cuba; a first Keys group mostly died, and the 1711 transport followed How they were killed: The 1711 transport of 270 included Miami/Tequesta-area people (listed as "Miami," Tancha and others), of whom over 200 died within three months; only 16–18 of that transport ever returned (figures for the whole transport, not Tequesta alone, as the file gives them) Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Tequesta entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4; Part II governing note. | Documented |
| 1713 | Khoekhoe (Cape Khoekhoe) | Where: Cape, South Africa How they lived: Pastoralists (see 1659 entry) The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Smallpox epidemic introduced from a Dutch ship devastated the Cape Khoekhoe, killing a large share of the remaining independent communities (110 Europeans also died); destroyed the demographic base for recovery of the western Khoekhoe polities; no figure given in the files Outcome: People standing — a demographic catastrophe inside a surviving people (see 1659 entry) Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §5.1. | not classed in the record (guard case; Class C territory at most for specific language varieties, per the file) |
| 1715–17 (Yamasee War) | Yamasee | Where: Carolina / Georgia coast How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Yamasee War, 1715–17 How they were killed: Broken in the war; about a third of the survivors settled among the Lower Creek, most of the rest removed to Spanish Florida and became part of the Seminole; no figure given in the census line Outcome: No separate Yamasee polity descends; descendants continue inside Creek and Seminole lines Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class B long tail). | Class B |
| March–October 1722 (the siege of Isfahan; Shah Sultan Husayn's surrender, 23 October 1722 in the usual dating) | the people of Isfahan and of Safavid Iran; the Ghilzai Afghan army of Mahmud Hotak. | Where: Isfahan, Shah Abbas's rebuilt capital on the Zayandeh river, in central Iran How they lived: In the empire Iskandar Beg Munshi had chronicled at its height — silk-monopoly commerce, New Julfa's Armenian merchant houses across the river, the great maydan and its mosques — under a court weakened since Abbas II's death (1666) by harem-raised sultans and faction The war or conquest — and who did it: The Afghan revolt: the Ghilzai of Kandahar, risen under Mir Mahmud Hotak against Safavid rule, marched west, defeated the Safavid army at Gulnabad, and shut Isfahan up to siege; no relief army came How they were killed: By famine and disease inside the siege above all — the contemporary record describes a great city starving street by street — and in the fighting at Gulnabad and the siege lines; entry-level figures are OWED in this record Outcome: OWED Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part B2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| The trade's whole span from Angola's ports, c. 1501–1867, with the port-by-port estimates concentrated on 1701–1867. | Captives drawn from the peoples of the Angolan interior — Kongo, Mbundu, Ovimbundu, and peoples far inland reached by the slaving frontier and the caravan networks.. | Where: The interior of modern Angola, marched to the ports of Luanda and Benguela. How they lived: In kingdoms, caravan-trading states and farming communities that the trade progressively militarised and drained. The war or conquest — and who did it: The Atlantic slave trade's Angolan system — Portuguese and Brazilian shipping, African supplier states and war-bands, and the coastal enclaves Portugal held from 1575/76 — organised capture, march and embarkation for over three centuries. How they were killed: The Voyages database estimates c. 5.6 million embarked from West Central Africa and over 3.5 million from Luanda and Benguela together, the majority to Brazil. Deaths in capture, on the marches and in the barracoons were never aggregated — OWED as a number; Miller's *Way of Death* carries the mortality argument as scholarship, not as a count. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/angola/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §3; slave_trades dossier. | DOCUMENTED (figures are database estimates, labelled as such). |
| 1724 (Allada) – 1727 (Ouidah). | the Fon kingdom of Dahomey under King Agaja; the Adja kingdom of Allada; the people of Ouidah.. | Where: The Abomey plateau and the coast behind it, in modern Benin. How they lived: Palace states with royal courts, taxed trade, and — at Abomey — palaces whose bas-reliefs record each reign; Ouidah was a trading port dealing with European ships. The war or conquest — and who did it: Dahomey conquered Allada and Ouidah by war, making itself the Atlantic trade's direct coastal party. Agaja's motives are DEBATED: control of the trade's revenue (dominant modern reading) against an older reading of reforming intent. How they were killed: Conquest-war deaths were not counted in any surviving record — OWED as a number. The larger killing system the conquest fed — embarkation of captives at Ouidah, later estimated by the Voyages database at around one million across the trade's duration from that port — is documented as a database estimate. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/benin/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§2, 4. | DOCUMENTED (motives DEBATED). |
| 1734. | no people — an atlas: Ivan Kirillov, Atlas of the Russian Empire, mapping "Muscovite Tartary" with its capital at Tobolsk. | Where: the atlas was made inside the empire it maps. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an imperial survey: a Russian cartographer mapping the empire's own steppe under the shared European label. How they were killed: — Outcome: the label's standing inside Russia itself, in the empire's own atlas — the opposite of a name imposed from outside and later suppressed: Tobolsk on the sheet is a Russian colonial capital, founded 1587. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.2; THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1738 | Jaega | Where: "The town of Jaega," central Florida How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — the record essentially ends in 1738 for Jaega as a named polity; see the 1760 entry for the file's conclusion on the final evacuation Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.6. | Documented |
| 1738–39 | Jororo | Where: Lake Okeechobee, allied with the Mayaca remnant How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: The 1738–39 battles at Okeechobee are carried at c. 300 deaths in the series of fights, a series figure, not a Jororo figure — see the Mayaca entry at this date Outcome: Census Class A — after the province broke, the Jororo appear only allied with the Mayaca remnant at Lake Okeechobee in the 1738–39 battles, the last clear Jororo reference found in the file. There is no record of Jororo in the 1711, 1760 or 1763 Cuba transports by name, no Cuba death figure, and no last survivor or speaker; their disappearance — into the Okeechobee refugee aggregate, the St. Augustine refugee missions, or death — is inference, labelled as such in the file Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.7. | Documented |
| 1738–39 | Mayaca | Where: Lake Okeechobee, with the Jororo and Bomto refugees How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: c. 300 deaths in the series of fights (Hann, 2003, in the file) — a figure for the whole series, not Mayaca alone Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1743 Mayaca entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.8. | Documented |
| From 1741; 1760s Solovief (Soloviev) massacres; by the 1880s about 3,000 remained; 1910 US census counted 1,491 | Unangan (Aleut) | Where: Aleutian archipelago How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Russian promyshlenniki fur brigades — forced hunting labour, hostage-taking and killing; from 1799 the Russian-American Company forcibly resettled Unangan families to the Pribilof and Commander Islands How they were killed: The US National Library of Medicine Native Voices record carries the 1760s massacres on Umnak, Unalaska and Kodiak, with Solovief's vow "to reduce the Unangan population from 25,000 to 2,500" printed as that record carries it; disease and disruption did the rest — about 25,000 before 1741 to about 3,000 by the 1880s and 1,491 in 1910 Outcome: People standing — 11,941 identified as Aleut in the 2000 US census; 13,805 in 2020; Unangam Tunuu survives, critically endangered Record: asia-and-the-north.md §4.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §4.2. | Class C |
| 1742 (order); Pavlutsky campaigns 1730–31 and 1744–47; Koryak resistance 1745–56 | Chukchi and Koryak | Where: Siberia / Russian North (Chukotka and Kamchatka region) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Russian conquest of Siberia — yasak fur tribute under hostage-taking; Major Dmitry Pavlutsky's campaigns carried mass killing and enslavement of Chukchi women and children; in 1742 Empress Elizabeth ordered the Chukchi and Koryaks "totally extirpated" How they were killed: Mass killing in Pavlutsky's campaigns (no figure given in the files for this entry); Chukchi fighters killed Pavlutsky in 1747 and Russia abandoned the war Outcome: People standing — the extermination order failed; Chukchi (~16,000) and Koryak (~8,000) stand today, languages endangered; no Class A or B line arises Record: asia-and-the-north.md §4.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §4. | Documented (the 1742 order, as an order); "genocide" for the Siberian conquest as a whole is Debated |
| 1743 | Calusa | Where: Biscayne Bay — a Jesuit mission for Keys survivors How they lived: The Calusa paramountcy held the lagoon country from Mound Key; eyewitnesses reported over 4,000 gathered for Menéndez's 1566 alliance ceremony with King Carlos at Mound Key, and modern population estimates in the file range 4,000–7,000, up to 10,000–20,000 for the wider paramountcy — divergent, no census exists *(fill drawn from this Chronology's own entries "May 1513; and 1521 — Calusa" and "1566; 1567–69 — Calusa", How they lived)* The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — a 1743 Jesuit mission at Biscayne Bay for Keys survivors lasted months How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Calusa entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.3. | Documented |
| 1743 | Mayaca | Where: Near Lake Okeechobee How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — some Mayaca were still living near Lake Okeechobee in 1743, the last dated sighting in Hann, in the file. No Mayaca are named in the 1760 or 1763 Cuba lists; local-tradition claims that Okeechobee Mayaca reached Cuba are unproven (THIN in the file). End by 1743–c. 1750 in the file: disappearance from the record, presumed absorption or death. No vocabulary beyond names; no last speaker recorded Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.8. | Documented |
| 1743 | Tequesta | Where: Biscayne Bay How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — a second Biscayne mission attempt in 1743 lasted under three months before the Havana governor ordered it burned to deny it to the Uchise How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1760 Tequesta entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4. | Documented |
| 1751–52. | no people — two maps: Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville published his Asia in two parts — the first (1751) carrying Turkey, Arabia, Persia, India this side of the Ganges and the Tartary bordering Persia and India; the second (1752) carrying China and part of Tartary, India beyond the Ganges, and the islands to Japan. | Where: the sheets were made in Paris; together they cover Asia entire. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — the French school's summation, drawn from the Jesuit surveys of China and the Russian materials, with d'Anville's discipline of leaving blank what he could not stand on. How they were killed: — Outcome: the two-part Asia is the signature production of the mid-18th-century French school — the line and era to which the French-school Asia frame that opened this thread belongs, at the strength the examination carries it. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§1.2, 2.2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1753 (formal adoption); Tutelo town Coreorgonel destroyed 1779 | Tutelo | Where: Virginia, then Six Nations / Grand River How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Driven from Virginia by 1701; in 1753 the Cayuga formally adopted the Tutelo into the Six Nations How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a separate polity; Tutelo descendants stand among the Cayuga at Six Nations of the Grand River Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class B long tail). | Class B |
| 1755–1764 (first deportations autumn 1755) | the Acadians — French-speaking farming people of Acadia (present Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island). | Where: Dyked marshland parishes (aboiteaux) around the Bay of Fundy and the Acadian shore, farmed for a century How they lived: Marshland family farms behind dykes of their own building, parish self-government under British tolerance, neutrality maintained between the empires for forty years (dossier §4.1) The war or conquest — and who did it: Great Britain — Governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council ordered the deportation in 1755, at the opening of the Seven Years' War, after the Acadians refused an unconditional oath; British and New England troops burned the villages and loaded the people onto transports How they were killed: Of an estimated 14,100 Acadians, approximately 11,500 were deported and approximately 5,000 died of disease, starvation and shipwreck (Faragher's estimates, labelled as estimates; a 1764 census counted some 2,600 remaining in Nova Scotia) Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §4.1, §13 C-4. | Documented (deportation and toll); the name Debated. |
| plates drawn 1750, Atlas Universel published 1757. | no people — a map: Didier Robert de Vaugondy, engraved by Guillaume Delahaye, Carte de l'Asie, its title advertising that it was drawn "principalement sur les Cartes de Russie, de la Chine, et de la Tatarie Chinoise" — principally on the maps of Russia, of China, and of Chinese Tartary. | Where: the sheet was made in Paris; it letters the Tartary of the north across the continent. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a drawing that names its own sources on its face, and subdivides what it letters: khanates, peoples and provinces stand inside the regional wash. How they were killed: — Outcome: the French-school Asia at its most circulated — a real, catalogued, library-held sheet. The wash colours on such maps mark the reach of a labelling geographer's political geography, not a state with a capital and a government. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§1.2, 2.2. The sheet is held in the Maps Programme (Register H3) as the line's sourced representative. | DOCUMENTED. |
| After 1760 | Ais | Where: The Indian River Lagoon coast; removed to Cuba with neighbours after the 1763 cession in one summary, in 1760 in Worth's archival work How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the south-Florida remnant's departure in 1760, in the combined 60–70, with no Ais-specific manifest in Worth's archival work; EBSCO's summary in the file has the remaining Ais, "probably numbering a few hundred," removed to Cuba with neighbours after the 1763 cession — both accounts are carried as the file carries them How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — the Ais disappear as a named polity from area records after 1760 (Hann, 2003) Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.5. | Documented |
| 1760 (after a final Creek raid on 17 May 1760) | Calusa | Where: South Florida and the Keys; transported to La Cabaña, Havana, and then likely Guanabacoa How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England-allied Creek/Uchise slaving raids after 1702–06 (see the Calusa blows in the file); Spain — the final transport to Cuba. Worth reports as many as 10,000 south-Florida captives sold in seven years after 1702–06 — a contemporary reported total for the whole south, not Calusa alone, as the file states How they were killed: The final remnant was among the 60–70 surviving "Keys Indians," the aggregated south-Florida remnant, who left in 1760 — not 1763 — for La Cabaña and then likely Guanabacoa (file's governing note and §II.3). Bernard Romans's 1775 claim of "about eighty families" of Calusa leaving in 1763 is irreconcilable with the archival counts and is carried in the file as a late, inflated report Outcome: Census Class A — Worth concludes there is "no reason to suspect any remnants of the Calusa in Florida after 1760"; later claims of Calusa descendants in Cuba are unverified in the file (Census, as cited there) Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part II governing note; §II.3. | Documented |
| 1760 (the final evacuation, as concluded in the file) | Jaega | Where: The east Florida coast; removed with neighbouring peoples to Cuba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — removal to Cuba with the Ais, Tequesta and other tribes of this coast, as Swanton (1922) concluded in the file How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — Swanton concluded the 18th-century Jaega were "probably merged with the Ais, Tequesta, and other tribes of this coast, and removed with them to Cuba" — which means in the file: if Jaega were in the final evacuation, they were inside the 1760 combined 60–70, unnamed Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.6. | Documented |
| 1760 | Tequesta | Where: The Florida Keys; evacuated to Cuba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — the final evacuation to Cuba How they were killed: Tequesta remnants in the Keys were among the 60–70 evacuated in 1760 (a combined south-Florida figure, as the file gives it); Romans in the 1770s found their villages abandoned Outcome: Census Class A — the thinnest kind of ending in the file: a people whose end-state is an emptied shoreline in a traveller's sentence Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.4; Part II governing note. | Documented |
| 24 June 1763; and July 1763 (the correspondence) | Delaware (Lenape) | Where: Fort Pitt (present Pittsburgh), during Pontiac's War; the Ohio Valley peoples, 1763–64 How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Britain — Captain Simeon Ecuyer, Fort Pitt's commander, gave Delaware (Lenape) emissaries items from the fort's smallpox hospital at a parley; above the fort, General Jeffery Amherst, commander-in-chief, wrote to Colonel Henry Bouquet on 7 July 1763, "Could it not be contrived to send the Small Pox among those Disaffected Tribes of Indians?", Bouquet replied 13 July that he would try to inoculate by means of blankets, and Amherst answered 16 July, "You will do well to try to inoculate the Indians by means of blankets, as well as to try every other method that can serve to extirpate this execrable race." The Amherst letters postdate the Fort Pitt distribution; Amherst did not order that specific act, as the file states How they were killed: Trader William Trent recorded in his journal [PRIMARY DOCUMENT]: "We gave them two blankets and a handkerchief out of the smallpox hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect." Ecuyer certified the items in a reimbursement account approved up the chain. What the documents do not establish, as the file states exactly: that the Fort Pitt gift caused a specific epidemic. A smallpox epidemic did spread among Ohio Valley peoples in 1763–64 (Parkman estimated 60–80 deaths in the localised epidemic he described), but smallpox was already moving through the region, and Fenn (2000) concludes the attempt's epidemiological effect cannot be proved. Intent and attempt are documented; outcome attribution is not Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/disease-and-intent.md §1; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §2. | Documented |
| 7 October 1763 | the Indigenous nations of the interior of North America; the British Crown. | Where: The lands west of the Appalachian–St. Lawrence watershed divide, reserved as the nations' hunting grounds How they lived: Under their own governments, laws and economies, in the territories the Proclamation itself recognized as theirs (dossier §1) The war or conquest — and who did it: No war in this entry — a constitutional instrument issued months after Pontiac's coalition had shown the conquest's limit: the Proclamation forbade private purchase of Indigenous land and settlement west of the line, and made the Crown the sole purchaser, by public treaty How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a founding legal document, filed because every later treaty, claim and title case in Canada stands on it Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §4.3. | Documented. |
| 14 December 1763; and 27 December 1763 | Susquehannock (Conestoga) | Where: Conestoga Town, Manor Township, Lancaster County; and the Lancaster workhouse How they lived: Through the 1700s the Conestoga community shrank by out-migration, impoverishment and land sales; by the 1740s Seneca was dominant and few could still speak the "ancient tongue." The language survives mainly in Campanius's c. 100-word Vocabula Mahakuassica (1640s) and is conventionally dated extinct as of 1763 in the file; a specific "1761 last fluent speaker" date could not be verified in any source consulted for the account and is not asserted (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10) The war or conquest — and who did it: England — the Paxton Boys, some fifty men, acting under no commission named in the file; none of the killers was arrested or tried How they were killed: By 1763 twenty people remained at Conestoga Town — seven men, five women, eight children (Franklin, 1764). On 14 December 1763 the Paxton Boys killed the six found there, including the leader Sheehays (Franklin's spelling: Shehaes), and burned the town. The remaining fourteen, taken into protective custody in the Lancaster workhouse, were broken in upon and murdered, scalped and dismembered on 27 December. Two former inhabitants, Michael and Mary, survived because they were living on a settler's farm Outcome: Census Class A — the Census's caveat stands on this line in the file: Susquehannock people did not vanish biologically — descendants lived among the Oneida (six pressed a Lancaster land claim in 1845) and Susquehannock ancestry persists among the Seneca–Cayuga Nation and Six Nations of the Grand River. What ended in December 1763 was the distinct polity and its last town — exterminated as a nation in its homeland, in the file's words Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.10. | Documented |
| Fall 1763; and 14 November 1767 | Timucua | Where: St. Augustine's last two missions, Nombre de Dios and Tolomato; transported to Guanabacoa, Cuba How they lived: The language is the exception to Florida's thinness in the file: Pareja's grammar and confessionarios (1612–1614) preserve a large written corpus — documentation, not survival The war or conquest — and who did it: Spain — in fall 1763, 89 mission Indians in total from Nombre de Dios and Tolomato were transported to Guanabacoa; the Timucua remnant, coalesced at those missions, was part of the 89 How they were killed: Mortality in Cuba exceeded 50% before 1770 for the Guanabacoa transportees (Worth, 2004, in the file). Juan Alonso Cavale, "the last known Timucuan Indian to have Florida-born Timucuan parents," died in Guanabacoa on 14 November 1767 (Worth, 1998); his sons by a Yamasee mother survived into a mixed population. Claims of Timucua speakers into the early 1800s circulate without a named, sourced last speaker — THIN in the file Outcome: Census Class A — on the file's count sequence (~1,000 by 1700; ~250 by c. 1720; 176 in 1726; 26 by 1752 in some counts) and the 1763 transport, the Timucua polity and language community end as the file states Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part II governing note; §II.2. | Documented |
| By 1768; and taken in April 1823 (Shanawdithit's statement, carried here for its baseline) | Beothuk | Where: The island of Newfoundland, pushed onto the Exploits River system How they lived: Their economy depended on the marine foods — seals, salmon, shellfish — of the coasts, from which European settlement cut them off; inland subsistence could not support them, producing undernourishment and starvation, in the file's mechanism account (how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.1) The war or conquest — and who did it: England — European settlement of the coasts (displacement from the food base), with disease (smallpox introduced by contact, and endemic tuberculosis) and violence and capture by trappers and settlers as the file's blows in order. Debated/Claim in the file: that French bounties induced Mi'kmaq to kill Beothuk is alleged in some accounts and disputed by most historians — the scholarship's "Mercenary Myth"; it is not stated as fact How they were killed: No total death figure is given in the file. By 1768 one standard summary puts the Beothuk at fewer than 400 people; early-19th-century estimates vary from about 150 to 3,000 and the account picks neither. Shanawdithit, taken in April 1823, told Cormack that to her knowledge only a dozen Beothuk survived Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1829 Beothuk entry for the end as the file states it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.1. | Documented |
| 1768–69 (smallpox epidemic); uprisings 1706, 1731 and 1741 crushed; 1827 census counted 1,800–1,900 | Itelmen | Where: Kamchatka, Siberia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Russian conquest of Kamchatka — Cossack slaving and abuse documented; uprisings of 1706, 1731 and 1741 crushed How they were killed: The 1768–69 smallpox epidemic "carried off three-fourths" of the Kamchatka natives (Captain Cook's journal's contemporary account); by Bering's second expedition the population stood at about 10 percent of its pre-contact size (pre-contact estimated 12,000–25,000) Outcome: People standing — about 3,000 in modern counts; language ended in the south by the early 1900s and survives, critically endangered, only on the west coast Record: asia-and-the-north.md §4.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §4.2. | Class C |
| 1769–1834 (system founded 1769–1823; registers to 1834) | Kumeyaay, Luiseño, Tongva, Chumash, Ohlone, Esselen, Salinan, Coast Miwok, Yokuts, and neighbouring peoples | Where: Alta California — 21 Franciscan missions, San Diego de Alcalá (1769) to San Francisco Solano (1823) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Franciscan mission system under first the Spanish then the Mexican state, guarded by presidio soldiers; baptized "neophytes" (the missionaries' category) barred from leaving; labour, punishment and soldier recapture of fugitives documented How they were killed: Register arithmetic (Cook, from Bancroft transcripts): ~79,000 baptisms, ~62,600 deaths, ~29,100 births, 1769–1834; deaths exceeded births by roughly 33,500; peak standing population 21,066 (1824). Deaths overwhelmingly from disease under mission conditions. Cook/Hurtado estimate: California Indigenous population fell by more than 150,000 during the mission period (estimate, printed as such). Outcome: not classed in the record — file states descendants survive and California Indian nations are present peoples; not an extinction Record: california-missions.md §1, §3, §6, §8. | Documented |
| AD 1773 | James Bruce, Scottish traveller, bringing the manuscripts; the Ethiopian scribes whose copies he carried | Where: The manuscripts travelled from Ethiopia to Europe — one copy to Paris, one to the Bodleian Library at Oxford, one retained by the traveller How they lived: Owed in this record at entry level The war or conquest — and who did it: None attaches to this entry How they were killed: Not applicable — no killing attaches to this entry Outcome: The complete Book of Enoch stood again before European readers after more than a thousand years, in Ge'ez, awaiting translation Record: THE_WATCHERS_IN_THE_TEXTS_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1 May 1776. | the Order of the Illuminati — a secret society, entered at the owner's direction as part of the hidden-powers record; not a people of the censuses | Where: Ingolstadt, Electorate of Bavaria. How they lived: a secret society of a professor of canon law, Adam Weishaupt, and four of his students, built on graded obedience and hidden superiors. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a founding. How they were killed: no one killed — an entry of origin. Outcome: the order founded — first named the Order of Perfectibilists, renamed the Order of the Illuminati in 1778 — aimed at forming an elite to bend education and government toward Enlightenment ends. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.1; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1777 — The New Universal Geographical Grammar (Edinburgh: W. Darling), Salmon's grammar improved and continued by J. Tytler, its preface dating itself mid-war by its America. | the peoples of Tartary as the book files them — five divisions of peoples and stations: Kamschatka, Jakutskoi and Bratski Tartars in the north-east; Thibet and the Mongul Tartars in the south-east; Samoieda and Ostiack in the north-west; Circassian and Astracan Tartary and Siberia in the south-west; Kalmuc and Usbec Tartary in the middle. | Where: "Tartary, taken in its fullest extent" — 4,000 miles by 2,000, between the Frozen Ocean, the Pacific, China, India, Persia, the Caspian and Muscovy (period figures, printed as the era's knowledge). How they lived: as the article describes them: a wandering people moving in spring in bodies of 10,000 with their flocks; horsemanship from infancy; huts half sunk underground, whole families wintering below ground in the far north; horse-flesh smoked and dried; little money but what cattle bought from Russian, Persian and Turkish neighbours. The war or conquest — and who did it: no single war — the article's political summary is pressure: the tribes "are bounded on every side by the Russian, the Chinese, the Mogul, the Persian, or the Turkish empires; all of whom are pushing on their conquests in this extensive country," their khans paying tribute to one or another neighbour; and in the north, forts lately erected "for civilizing the inhabitants, and rendering them obedient to the Russian government." How they were killed: the article's history head lays the land's thin peopling to "the dreadful massacres made among the nations by Zingis Khan and Tamerlane, and their descendants" — the period's own explanation, carried at that weight. Outcome: the book finds the region no regular government at all — its towns "no better than fixed hordes… not under any regular government" — and knows one Tartarian "empire" only in the past tense: Usbec Tartary, "once the seat of a more powerful empire than that of Rome or Greece," Zingis Khan's and Tamerlane's. Read whole, the 1777 grammar is a period statement of the documented position, not a witness for a unified erased empire. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, Addendum II §§B.1–B.3; extracted in TARTARY_AS_THE_GEOGRAPHY_BOOKS_KNEW_IT.md. | DOCUMENTED (the book, read at first hand in its 1778 re-issue; its figures and descriptions are period knowledge). |
| 1777. | Adam Weishaupt, the order's founder | Where: Munich — the lodge Theodor zum guten Rath. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an initiation. How they were killed: — Outcome: the founder has himself initiated into Freemasonry, which becomes the order's recruiting ground and vehicle. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.1; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 31 May 1779 (Washington's orders); 30 September 1779 (Sullivan's report) | Haudenosaunee | Where: Haudenosaunee settlements (Iroquoia); over 5,000 refugees gathered at Fort Niagara How they lived: Three Sisters agriculture — corn, beans and squash interplanted in mounds — was the agricultural foundation supporting large settled towns, with women the principal agriculturalists; longhouses housing multiple matrilineally related families, and matrilineal descent and clan membership (knowledge/haudenosaunee.md, Traditions and Crafts/Arts/Skills; practices/farming.md §2) The war or conquest — and who did it: United States — Major General John Sullivan, on Washington's orders of 31 May 1779 [PRIMARY, as quoted in the file]: "The immediate objects are the total destruction and devastation of their settlements, and the capture of as many prisoners of every age and sex as possible. It will be essential to ruin their crops now in the ground and prevent their planting more." How they were killed: Sullivan's report to Congress counted 40 towns destroyed and, "at a moderate computation," 160,000 bushels of corn, with orchards — one Cayuga-country orchard alone held 1,500 fruit trees. Over 5,000 Haudenosaunee refugees gathered at Fort Niagara, left "almost wholly dependent upon the British for food, clothing, and equipment" (NPS, in the file). No death figure is given in the file. The Haudenosaunee name for Washington from this campaign — Town Destroyer, Hanödaga:yas — stands in Haudenosaunee tradition in the file Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §4.2. | Documented |
| 1780. | the Order of the Illuminati, under its rebuilding | Where: the German lands. How they lived: Adolph Freiherr von Knigge (order-name Philo) joins, rebuilds the grade system into its three classes, and carries the order into the Masonic lodges; Goethe (1783) and Herder are among the literary names drawn in; the ruling council of Areopagites governs under Weishaupt (Spartacus); Zwack (Cato) keeps the archive. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a growth. How they were killed: — Outcome: the order at its widest reach, inside the lodges of Germany. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §§2.2–2.3; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1780–82 | Piegan Blackfeet | Where: The northern Plains How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Documented |
| 1780–82; summer 1781 (the camp account) | Shoshone | Where: The northern Plains How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Fenn (2001, Pox Americana, in the file) traced smallpox from Mexico City through Comanche networks to Shoshone, Piegan Blackfeet, Western Cree and Assiniboine. Tradition — the people's own account, recorded contemporaneously: the Piegan elder Saukamappee described raiders in summer 1781 entering a Shoshone camp to find "no one to fight with but the dead and the dying" (recorded by David Thompson, in Fenn, 2001). No Shoshone death figure is given in the file Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §1. | Documented |
| 8 March 1782 | Moravian Christian Indians — Lenape (Delaware) and Mohican | Where: Gnadenhutten mission village, Ohio Country How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: United States — Pennsylvania militiamen under David Williamson, against pacifist Moravian Lenape and Mohican villagers How they were killed: 96 pacifist, unarmed noncombatants bound, voted on for execution the night before, killed with mallets and tomahawks and scalped; buildings burned with the bodies. No militiaman was ever tried (Moravian mission records, in the file). The 96 is the combined Lenape-and-Mohican figure as the files give it and is not split between the peoples Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §3; massacres-and-removals.md §1. | Documented |
| 1783. | the Crimean Tatars of the Crimean Khanate (1441–1783). | Where: the Crimean peninsula and the steppe north of the Black Sea. How they lived: as the last successor state of the Golden Horde in Europe — an Ottoman ally, a khanate of towns, orchards and ports, whose horsemen had raided the borderlands for three centuries and whose markets were fed by the slave trade of the steppe frontier. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Russian Empire annexed the Crimea by manifesto in 1783, after the war of 1768–74 and the imposed "independence" of 1774; the last khan abdicated under pressure. How they were killed: no massacre stands in this record at the annexation itself; the killing and displacement of the Crimean Tatars as a people belongs to later entries — the emigrations of the nineteenth century and the deportation of 1944, which stand in this strand's wider record. Outcome: the khanate ended after 342 years; the Crimean Tatars remained in their land, and remain, through everything that followed. Record: THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §§6–7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 22 June 1784. | the Order of the Illuminati | Where: Bavaria. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: the state — Karl Theodor, Elector of Bavaria: an edict against all unauthorised secret societies, the state's first blow. How they were killed: no one killed — the suppression begins by law. Outcome: the following month Knigge, at war with Weishaupt over control, resigns (July 1784). Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| February 1785; the naming edict 2 March 1785. | Adam Weishaupt; the order | Where: Ingolstadt; Regensburg; Bavaria. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: the Bavarian state — Weishaupt is dismissed from his chair and flees to Regensburg, beyond Bavarian reach; the second edict names the Illuminati and the Freemasons expressly. How they were killed: no one killed — dismissal and flight. Outcome: the founder in exile; the order driven underground. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| July 1785, as the story is told. | Jakob Lanz, said to be the order's courier | Where: near Regensburg, as told. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a story of the exposure. How they were killed: in the story, by lightning — papers said to be found on his body, first alerting the authorities. Outcome: the story is repeated from the period onward; the documented exposure chain — defections, testimony, raids — does not depend on it, and its details are treated with caution by the scholarship. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DEBATED (told from the period; details treated with caution by the scholarship). |
| 1786. | the order, exposed by its own former members | Where: Bavaria, in print. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — testimony: the former members Utzschneider, Grünberger, Cosandey and Renner publish Große Absichten des Ordens der Illuminaten, carrying the prosecution's charges: atheism, sedition, poison, abortion, corruption of youth. How they were killed: — Outcome: the order's inner life in print, from inside. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 11–12 October 1786. | the order; Franz Xaver von Zwack (Cato), its archivist | Where: Zwack's house at Landshut, Bavaria. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: the Bavarian police — the order's central archive is seized: correspondence, rosters, statutes, keys, seal impressions, recipes. How they were killed: — Outcome: the seizure from which the published record is made. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 26 March 1787. | the order — documented by its enemy | Where: Munich. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — publication: the Bavarian government, through the court printer Strobl, publishes Einige Originalschriften des Illuminatenordens — some four hundred pages of the order's own seized writings, decoded — the originals offered for inspection at the Secret Archives. How they were killed: — Outcome: a secret society documented from its own papers, by its enemy — by that accident, the best-documented secret society of the eighteenth century. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| the Sandersdorf raid 5 May 1787; the third edict 16 August 1787. | the order, at its end | Where: Sandersdorf castle, Bavaria; Munich. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: the Bavarian state — a second cache of the order's papers is seized at Baron von Bassus's Sandersdorf and published as the Nachtrag (1787); the third edict makes recruiting for the order a capital offence. How they were killed: no execution is recorded under the edict in this file — the order ends by law and seizure, not by the scaffold. Outcome: by 1787–88 the order has ceased to exist as an organisation. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1788–1928 (frontier massacre period mapped) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (frontier massacres, all colonies) | Where: Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: British colonisation from 1788; Colonial Frontier Massacres Digital Map Project (University of Newcastle, concluded 2022) — about half the massacres of Aboriginal people were carried out by police and other government agents, many others by settlers with tacit state approval How they were killed: At least 438 colonial frontier massacres; at least 10,657 people killed in them, of whom 10,374 were Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people killed by colonists (map project's floor; a massacre = killing of six or more in one operation) — a massacre-map floor, not a frontier-deaths total and not an extermination count Outcome: Peoples standing (see the per-case and guard entries in this chronology); mainland Class A verified floor 0 Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §2 head; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part I §A1. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact, per the research file, at the map project's level) |
| March 1795 – October 1796 (Second Carib War; see also 1796, 1797) | Garífuna (Garínagu) — Afro-Indigenous people of St. Vincent ("Black Caribs" is the British colonial category, quoted and labelled as such) | Where: St. Vincent (Yurumein) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: War against British regulars, militia and Black Rangers; British destruction of Garífuna provision grounds strategically decisive; paramount chief Joseph Chatoyer killed on Dorsetshire Hill, 14 March 1795 (15 March variant printed in file, not resolved). French allies surrendered June 1796; Garífuna surrenders October 1796; British government had decided on total, permanent removal. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: the people standing — this file is NOT an extermination account (see 1797 entry) Record: st-vincent-1797.md §1–§2. | Documented |
| 1793 (the Macartney embassy; the emperor's edict in reply) | the Qing Empire under the Qianlong emperor; the British embassy of Lord Macartney, bearing King George III's letter. | Where: The embassy received at Chengde, the imperial summer capital; foreign sea trade itself confined since 1757 to Canton (Guangzhou), through licensed hong merchants How they lived: At the empire's greatest extent — Xinjiang conquered in the 1750s, population rising toward some 300 million by 1800 on peace and American food crops (estimates, carried as ranges) — with tea, silk and porcelain absolute necessities to Europe and little Europe made that the court wanted The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a refusal: the edict declined a resident minister, further ports and a depot island, in the tribute idiom ("Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders… I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures") How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no deaths are recorded for the embassy or the edict Outcome: OWED | DOCUMENTED (the "blind empire" reading DEBATED). *Record: THE_OTHER_SHORE_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md, Part C3.* --- # HOW THEY LIVED — FILLS FOR EXISTING ERA 3–4 ENTRIES Each fill below is drawn only from text the Chronology itself already carries in its entries for the same people — house material, cited to the entry it rests on. No fill is drawn from general knowledge. Format: the entry's exact heading, then the replacement field. |
| October 1796 – March 1797 (see also 1795, 1797) | Garífuna (Garínagu) | Where: Balliceaux (Baliceaux), Grenadines — internment island How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: British deportation internment after the Second Carib War surrenders; internees held on a waterless island dependent on captors for water and provisions; epidemic disease (typhus / yellow fever candidates, not settled in file) How they were killed: Deported to Balliceaux: range ~4,195–5,080 people. Deaths on Balliceaux: range ~2,000 (Taylor, 2012) to 2,445 (detailed accounting) — roughly half of those interned on any accounting in the range. Outcome: the people standing — NOT an extermination account, as the file states Record: st-vincent-1797.md §3. | Documented (range, sources as filed) |
| 12 April 1797 (landing; embarkation March 1797) (see also 1795, 1796) | Garífuna (Garínagu) | Where: Roatán, Bay Islands, off Honduras; then Trujillo and the Caribbean coasts of Honduras, Belize, Guatemala and Nicaragua How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: British deportation convoy (HMS Experiment and convoy) completing the removal decided in 1796; June 1804 British colonial act extinguished the deported Caribs' legal rights to their Yurumein lands, granted/sold to British planters and veterans How they were killed: 2,248 survivors embarked; ~218–222 died on the voyage via Jamaica; 2,026 landed on Roatán — 664 men and 1,362 women and children. Outcome: the people standing — descendants today number in the hundreds of thousands (~600,000 worldwide, printed in file as an estimate, not a census); NOT an extermination account Record: st-vincent-1797.md §3–§4. | Documented |
| 1797. | no people — a book, and the claim it founds | Where: Edinburgh, in print. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an argument: John Robison, professor at Edinburgh, publishes Proofs of a Conspiracy, arguing the extinguished order infiltrated Masonry, survived its suppression, and engineered revolution. How they were killed: — Outcome: the founding text of the survival claim — offered without documentary evidence of survival. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.1; Annex A. | the book DOCUMENTED; the thesis CLAIM. |
| 1797–98. | no people — a book, and the architecture it builds | Where: London and Hamburg, in print. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an argument: the Abbé Augustin Barruel's Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire du jacobinisme layers the conspiracy — philosophes against the altar, Masons against the throne, the Illuminati beneath both — and names the Revolution the order's work. How they were killed: — Outcome: the claim given its enduring architecture: three layers, one hidden hand. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.1; Annex A. | the book DOCUMENTED; the thesis CLAIM. |
| Morse's fast-day sermons 9 May 1798; Washington's answering letter 24 October 1798. | no people — the claim, carried across the Atlantic | Where: Charlestown and Boston, Massachusetts; Mount Vernon. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a sermon and a letter: the Rev. Jedidiah Morse preaches Robison's Illuminati as France's secret weapon in America; the Rev. G. W. Snyder sends George Washington the book; Washington replies that he has heard of the “nefarious, and dangerous plan” but does not believe the lodges of the United States contaminated by it. How they were killed: — Outcome: no Illuminati organisation is ever found on American soil. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.2; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED (the sermons and the letters, Founders Online). |
ERA 5 — THE 1800s (1800–1899)
Removal and the republics. The Trail of Tears and California's state-sponsored campaign; the plains wars, Mankato's gallows, Canada's starvation policy and Battleford; the Desert and Araucanía campaigns in the south; the Andaman penal colony founded and its peoples collapsing inside two generations; Tasmania's Black War and Wybalenna; Moriori invaded; Rapa Nui raided; the boarding-school systems founded on both sides of the medicine line — Carlisle in 1879, the Mohawk Institute already boarding from 1831.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1801. | no people — a refutation, from inside the event | Where: in print. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an answer: Jean-Joseph Mounier, a leading actor of 1789, publishes De l'influence attribuée aux philosophes, aux francs-maçons et aux illuminés sur la Révolution de France. How they were killed: — Outcome: the Illuminati-direction thesis refuted from inside the Revolution's own record — and the refutation, not the thesis, is the one that had a participant behind it. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.1; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| August 1791 – 1 January 1804, when the independent state of Haiti was proclaimed. | the enslaved people of the French sugar colony of Saint-Domingue, and free people of colour — led in the decisive phase by Toussaint Louverture and, after his capture and death in France, by Jean-Jacques Dessalines.. | Where: Saint-Domingue, in the Caribbean — the French sugar colony that became Haiti. How they lived: Enslaved on the colony's sugar plantations, under the plantation regime the slave-trades dossier documents. The war or conquest — and who did it: The uprising of the enslaved defeated French, Spanish and British forces in turn. How they were killed: OWED — the dossier carries no toll or manner-of-death figure for the revolution. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/slave_trades/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, §4.4 [DUBOIS; JAMES; TROUILLOT]. | DOCUMENTED |
| Early 19th century (shift to Khakas in that period) | Koibal | Where: Sayan region, Siberia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a separate people; descendants continue — modern Koibal are a Khakas subgroup of mixed Samoyed–Khakas–Yeniseian descent Record: asia-and-the-north.md §4.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §4.1. | Class B |
| 1806, London. (Stands here out of strict sequence with the 1817/1820 entry above only because that entry is the pinned frame artefact; in the Chronology's order this entry precedes it.) | no people — a map: John Cary, A New Map of Chinese & Independent Tartary, from the latest authorities. | Where: the sheet was made in London; it draws the Qing and khanate shares side by side. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a drawing that carries the Kyakhta-treaty border between the Russian and Qing shares on its face: two empires' partition of a region, by dated treaty (1689, 1727), drawn as a line. How they were killed: — Outcome: by 1806 the tripartite division is the map's very title — Chinese and Independent, with the Russian share along the top — the label surviving as a filing of sovereignties, not a sovereignty. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§2.2, 3.3(d); THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §7. Held in the Maps Programme (Register H4). | DOCUMENTED. |
| the London edition of 1817; the first American edition, Philadelphia, 1820. | no people — a plate: M. Lavoisne, A Complete Genealogical, Historical, Chronological, and Geographical Atlas (after Le Sage, improved by C. Gros and J. Aspin), its "Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Map of Asia," No. 63, drawn by J. Aspin, carrying at its foot a statistical table headed TARTARY. in three columns. | Where: the plate was printed in Philadelphia by T. H. Palmer for M. Carey & Son, from the London edition of 1817, with corrections and additions; the table's subject is the whole north of Asia. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a table, and the table is a division: CHINESE — Thibet, &c., extent 829,350 sq. miles, population uncertain, chief cities Lassa, Shin-yan, &c., religion Pagan · RUSSIAN — Astracan, Circassia, Georgia, Siberia, &c., extent 350,000 s.m., pop. 2½ millions, chief cities Astracan and Tobolsk, religion Greek Church and Pagan · INDEPENDENT — Bucharia, Kharasm, &c., extent 600,000 sq. miles, population 8 millions, chief city Samarcand, religion Pagan (period figures, printed as the era's estimates). How they were killed: — Outcome: this is the gazetteer page of the thread's opening frame, pinned to its volume at first hand in the companion report: a finding aid for a region, dividing the expanse precisely because no one power held it — a Qing part, a Russian part, and a part held by neither. A single state does not appear in its own tables divided by which other empires hold its parts. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§1.3, 2.3; pinning at first hand in TARTARIA_GAPS_AND_THREAD_2026-10-28.md, Part A.1. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1819 (Civilization Fund Act); federal system dated 1819–1969 | American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian children (United States, collective) | Where: United States How they lived: A seasonal round between the coast — seals, salmon, shellfish, seabirds — and the interior's caribou country, in mamateek dwellings, with red ochre in their practice; by 1819 the round was broken by settler occupation of the coasts their economy depended on, the mechanism the file's own 1829 entry documents (dossier §§1.2, 5.3). *Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§1.2, 5.3; the Chronology's 1829 Beothuk entry.* The war or conquest — and who did it: US Congress — Civilization Fund Act appropriated $10,000 a year to "civilize" Native peoples through schooling, administered largely through mission organisations; the dated start of the federal boarding-school system on the Interior Department's dating How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools-chronology-as-evidence.md §3. | Documented |
| 1819 | Beothuk | Where: Newfoundland How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: England — violent encounters with trappers and settlers, as the file records this blow How they were killed: The 1819 killing of Chief Nonosbawsut and the capture of Demasduit, Shanawdithit's aunt, are recorded in the file; no death figure beyond Nonosbawsut is given Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1829 Beothuk entry Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.1. | Documented |
| AD 1821 | Richard Laurence, Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford, translator | Where: Oxford, England How they lived: Owed in this record at entry level The war or conquest — and who did it: None attaches to this entry How they were killed: Not applicable — no killing attaches to this entry Outcome: The book Ethiopia had never lost could be read in English; the modern study of the Watchers texts begins from this door Record: THE_WATCHERS_IN_THE_TEXTS_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Morgan's disappearance 12 September 1826; the Anti-Masonic Party organised 1828; its national convention September 1831. | William Morgan; and a political party | Where: Batavia, New York; Baltimore. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an outrage organised: a disaffected Mason vanishes on the eve of publishing the Craft's rituals, and the anger at secret societies organises as America's first third party — first national nominating convention, first platform, governors elected; its candidate William Wirt carries Vermont in 1832. How they were killed: Morgan vanished; his fate was never established in the record carried here. Outcome: the party's named enemy is Masonry; the Illuminati scare of 1798 stands in its ancestry. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.3; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| November 1828 – 1832 (martial law); Black War November 1823 – August 1834 in Ryan's accounting | Palawa — the nine nations of Tasmania (North West · North · North Midlands · Ben Lomond · North East · Oyster Bay · Big River · South East · South West) | Where: Tasmania (lutruwita) How they lived: Hunting grounds across the island (a million acres granted away and stocked with sheep by the mid-1820s, per the file) The war or conquest — and who did it: British settlement from 1803; Lieutenant-Governor George Arthur declared martial law in the Settled Districts in November 1828 — Aboriginal people could be shot on sight by soldiers — in force more than three years How they were killed: Ryan's accounting: 1,079 people died in the Black War between November 1823 and August 1834 — 878 Aboriginal people and 201 colonists — with at least 400 Aboriginal people killed in the second phase alone (Dec 1826–Oct 1828); carried as Ryan's documented accounting, not a settled total (death figures Debated at the margin) Outcome: The nine nations' separate polities ended under the Black War and the Wybalenna removal; descendants continue in the Palawa people as a whole Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §§3.1–3.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part I §A2. | Class B (grouped line naming 9 nations, outside the counted subtotal); Tasmania Class A = 0 — refuted |
| 1828 (founded); boarding from 1831; closed 27 June 1970 | Six Nations / Haudenosaunee children, and children from many other communities (~15,000 over its life) | Where: Mohawk Institute, Brantford, Ontario, Canada How they lived: Three Sisters agriculture (corn, beans, squash interplanted in mounds) was the agricultural foundation; matrilineal longhouse households centred on women; women the principal agriculturalists (knowledge/haudenosaunee.md; practices/farming.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: New England Company founded the Institute as a day school (the "Mechanics' Institute"); residential operation from 1831, girls admitted from 1834; federal government took control 1922. Survivors named it "the Mush Hole." Owner's research post dates founding 1826 — filed in the source file as an unresolved variance against Woodland Cultural Centre, ROM and NCTR (all 1828); not adopted. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools-chronology-as-evidence.md §2, §5, §7. | Documented (1826 date Debated/variance, as filed) |
| 6 June 1829 | Beothuk | Where: Island of Newfoundland, Canada How they lived: Economy depended on marine foods — seals, salmon, shellfish — from the coasts — What survives in the file: Shanawdithit's ten drawings and the vocabulary she taught Cormack — a fragmentary word record from which the language cannot be reconstructed to speaking The war or conquest — and who did it: Displacement from the coasts by European settlement cut off marine food sources, producing undernourishment and starvation; violent encounters with trappers and settlers, including killings and captures (1819 killing of Chief Nonosbawsut and capture of Demasduit) How they were killed: Infectious disease — smallpox and endemic tuberculosis, which killed Shanawdithit, her mother and her sister; by 1768 fewer than 400 people in one encyclopaedia summary; at her taking in April 1823 Shanawdithit said only a dozen Beothuk survived to her knowledge; early-1800s estimates vary from about 150 to 3,000 (range printed, neither end picked) Outcome: Extinct — people and language. Shanawdithit, described in the record as the last known full-blooded Beothuk, died 6 June 1829 in St. John's; after that date no documented Beothuk speaker or self-governing community; census carries a printed claim of absorbed Beothuk ancestry, not adopted Record: beothuk.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.1; peoples-register.md (Beothuk line); genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.1. | Class A (census §2.1, carried by reference); peoples-register status EXTINCT; Documented |
| 28 May 1830 (signed); removals through the 1830s | Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), Seminole, Chickasaw, Cherokee (see also 1838) | Where: Southeastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi / Indian Territory How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Indian Removal Act, signed by President Andrew Jackson — authorised the President to grant western lands in exchange for Indigenous lands within existing states; removals carried out by US Army troops and militia How they were killed: Roughly 100,000 Indigenous people forced from their southeastern homelands in the removal era (summary figure as filed). Removal-era death total: OWED Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §5. | Documented |
| October–November 1830 (the Black Line); removals 1830–1835 to Wybalenna; survivors moved again in 1847 | Palawa | Where: Tasmania; Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment, Flinders Island; then Oyster Cove How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Black Line (Oct–Nov 1830): some 2,200 soldiers, settlers and convicts formed a moving line to drive the remaining people onto the Tasman Peninsula — it captured two people; then George Augustus Robinson's "friendly mission" (1830–1835) persuaded or brought in most surviving people, about 200, for removal to Wybalenna on promises the record shows were of temporary exile with return How they were killed: At Wybalenna they died at a high rate, principally of respiratory disease, in exile from their own countries; in 1847 the survivors — 47 people on the commonly carried figure — were moved to Oyster Cove; no death figure settled in the files Outcome: People standing — the Bass Strait island communities were never removed; Palawa descendants stand (see 2021 entry); the nations file grouped Class B (1828 entry) Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §§3.2–3.3, 5. | Class B (grouped, for the nations); the Palawa as a whole Class C (original languages gone, people living) |
| 18 November 1830. | Adam Weishaupt | Where: Gotha, sheltered by Duke Ernest II, himself a former member. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a death in exile. How they were killed: — Outcome: the founder dies forty-five years after his order's extinction, having outlived by four decades the Revolution he would be blamed for directing. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part II §2.5; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1830–1875 (conquest period); population fell by up to one-third between 1830 and 1875 | Peoples of Algeria (Arab and Amazigh — Kabyle, Chaoui, Mozabite, Tuareg and others) | Where: Algeria How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: French invasion of Algiers 1830 and four decades taking the interior; under Governor-General Thomas Robert Bugeaud (from 1840) the razzia as doctrine — columns burned crops, orchards and villages, seized or slaughtered livestock, destroyed food stores; land confiscation (séquestre, cantonnement, 1863 sénatus-consulte, 1873 Warnier Law) transferred the best land to settlers How they were killed: Estimates of deaths in the first three decades run ~500,000 to ~1 million (Kiernan's range, from war, massacre, famine and disease combined); pre-conquest population estimated ~3 million (1830); native population reached ~2.1 million around 1871–72 (Kateb), after the 1866–68 famine and cholera alone killed an estimated 300,000–500,000; figures printed as estimates Outcome: Peoples standing; no Class A line Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §3. | Debated (genocide classification — Kiernan and Gallois argue genocidal dimensions; the Algerian state asserts genocide as its official claim; France has made no official genocide recognition for the conquest) |
| 1831–1996 (system span) | First Nations, Inuit and Métis children (Canada, collective) | Where: Canada — residential school system; 139 schools recognised under the Settlement Agreement, total that operated higher How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Canadian federal residential school system, run by churches under federal funding; purpose on the government's own record — Duncan Campbell Scott, 1920: objective to continue "until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed into the body politic"; TRC described the policy as cultural genocide (see 2015 entry) How they were killed: At least 150,000 children attended (TRC, 2015). TRC identified 3,200 deaths, stating the actual number far higher due to gaps/destruction in records; Dr P. H. Bryce reported in 1907 that 24% of pupils at schools he surveyed had died. Independent Assessment Process had resolved 31,970 claims of sexual or serious sexual assault by the TRC report (2015). Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools.md §1; schools-chronology-as-evidence.md §2. | Documented |
| 17 August 1833 (Secularization Act); 9 August 1834 (Figueroa Reglamento Provisional) | Mission peoples of Alta California (see also 1769) | Where: Alta California, Mexican California How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Mexican Congress Secularization Act and Governor José Figueroa's implementing regulation — promised each head of family / person over twenty 100–400 varas square of mission land, one-half of mission livestock, half or less of chattels, tools and seed How they were killed: In the event administrators dissipated herds and best lands as private ranchos to Californios; only a small fraction of the promised distribution reached the neophytes; most became labourers on ranchos carved from their missions' lands. Secularization ended the register system; it did not restore the population the registers had consumed. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: california-missions.md §7. | Documented |
| Slavery Abolition Act 1833, in force 1 August 1834; compulsory "apprenticeship" of most of the freed lasted until 1838. | Over 800,000 enslaved people in the British Caribbean, Mauritius and the Cape who were emancipated — and the more than 40,000 slave-owners compensated, both figures counts from the Slave Compensation Commission's records as reconstructed by UCL's Legacies of British Slavery project.. | Where: The British Caribbean, Mauritius and the Cape; roughly half the compensated owners were resident in Britain itself. How they lived: Enslaved under British colonial slavery until emancipation, then under compulsory apprenticeship to 1838. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war in this entry — an act of the British Parliament. How they were killed: Not a killing entry — say so as the record does: this entry is of emancipation and compensation, not of a killing. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/slave_trades/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, §§5.1–5.2 [UK1833; LBS; HALL; TREASURY]. | DOCUMENTED |
| November–December 1835 (invasion, two voyages 19 November and 5 December 1835); enslavement ended 1863 | Moriori | Where: Rēkohu and Rangihaute (Chatham and Pitt Islands), New Zealand How they lived: Under Nunuku's Law — renouncing war, killing and cannibalism, disputes settled by ritual fighting stopped at first blood; the law held for centuries and governed the 1835 council decision at Te Awapātiki to keep the law rather than fight The war or conquest — and who did it: About 900 members of Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama (Taranaki iwi displaced in the Musket Wars) seized the brig Lord Rodney and invaded; Moriori outnumbered the invaders almost two to one and resolved to keep Nunuku's Law How they were killed: About 300 Moriori killed in the initial slaughter (Te Ara / standard record); the Moriori elders' 1862 petition listed by name 226 killed and 1,366 who had died of "despair"; survivors enslaved — forbidden to speak ta rē Moriori, forbidden to marry among themselves or have children, forced to desecrate sacred sites; collapse from ~2,000–2,500 to ~100 by 1870 (roughly 95%, arithmetic on the sourced range) Outcome: People standing — a living Moriori people (see 2020 entry); language dormant and reviving; never filed Class A Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §1; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part II §5 (guard cases). | not classed in the record (guard case); genocide word classed in the research file as: mechanisms Documented by Tribunal findings and Crown apology, the word itself the Moriori leadership's Claim (Māui Solomon, 2020) and Debated in scholarship |
| June 1837 and after | Arikara | Where: Fort Clark and the upper Missouri How they lived: Arikara women farmed river-bottomland gardens growing maize, beans, squash and sunflowers alongside Mandan and Hidatsa gardeners (practices/farming.md §2) The war or conquest — and who did it: United States — the American Fur Company steamboat St. Peter's, June 1837 (see the Mandan entry at this date) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/disease-and-intent.md §2. | Documented |
| June 1837 and after | Assiniboine | Where: The upper Missouri and the Plains How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: United States — the American Fur Company steamboat St. Peter's, June 1837 (see the Mandan entry at this date) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/disease-and-intent.md §2. | Documented |
| June 1837 and after | Hidatsa | Where: Fort Clark and the upper Missouri How they lived: Hidatsa women farmed river-bottomland gardens typically about 3 to 5 acres, growing maize, beans, squash and sunflowers — Buffalo Bird Woman's (Waheenee's) recorded account describes the gardens in detail (practices/farming.md §2) The war or conquest — and who did it: United States — the American Fur Company steamboat St. Peter's, June 1837 (see the Mandan entry at this date) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/disease-and-intent.md §2. | Documented |
| June 1837 and after | Mandan | Where: Fort Clark and the upper Missouri River How they lived: Mandan, Hidatsa and later Arikara women farmed fertile river bottomlands in family gardens typically about 3 to 5 acres, growing maize, beans, squash and sunflowers, keeping varieties in separated patches (practices/farming.md §2, for the Mandan/Hidatsa/Arikara gardens) The war or conquest — and who did it: United States — the American Fur Company steamboat St. Peter's ascended the Missouri in June 1837 with smallpox aboard, its captain knowing of the sickness and continuing for commercial reasons, as the file documents How they were killed: The epidemic that followed at Fort Clark and beyond devastated the Mandan, reduced from roughly 1,600–2,000 people to, by various counts, a few dozen to ~125 survivors (Trimble, 1985, in the file; no single number is asserted). Traders and agents on the scene attributed transmission to person-to-person contact and, in one contemporary theory, to a blanket stolen from the boat; modern researchers, following sub-agent Joshua Pilcher's contemporary account, judge person-to-person spread (including via three infected Arikara women who left the boat at Fort Clark) the more likely route in the file Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/disease-and-intent.md §2; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §§1–2. | Documented |
| June 1837 (the claim, advanced from 1992) | Mandan | Where: Fort Clark, the upper Missouri How they lived: Mandan women farmed river-bottomland gardens of maize, beans, squash and sunflowers (practices/farming.md §2) The war or conquest — and who did it: The claim names the US Army — and the file examines it as a claim, not as a documented actor in this event How they were killed: The widely repeated stronger claim — that in 1837 the US Army deliberately distributed smallpox-infected blankets from a military infirmary in St. Louis to the Mandan, withheld vaccine, and had an Army doctor advise the infected to disperse, causing over 100,000 deaths — was advanced by Ward Churchill (from 1992). Thomas Brown (2006), checking each element against the primary record in the file's account, concluded there is no evidence Army officers or doctors were anywhere in the vicinity in June 1837 (the nearest troops were ~800 miles away), no evidence any blankets were shipped from a St. Louis military infirmary, no evidence blankets were distributed with genocidal intent, and the specific details are unsupported inventions in that telling. A University of Colorado inquiry (2006) found no misconduct as to Churchill's general claim, citing Indigenous oral traditions as some basis for an interpretation, while criticising his uncited extreme details — both halves are recorded in the file. For this record, as the file states: the 1837 Army-blanket claim is CLAIMED, NOT EVIDENCED; the documented culpability in 1837 is a commercial decision to keep a known-infected steamboat moving, and a vaccination regime that had protected some peoples and not others Outcome: not classed in the record Record: genocide/disease-and-intent.md §2; genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md Part I §2. | Claim |
| 1838–39 | Cherokee | Where: Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia — stockades, then forced marches ~800–1,200 miles to Indian Territory (present Oklahoma) How they lived: Life centred on autonomous towns with council houses; maize-centred agriculture (Three Sisters — maize, beans, squash), hunting, ceremonial cycle tied to corn; 1827 written constitution; Sequoyah's syllabary completed 1821; Cherokee Phoenix newspaper from 1828 (knowledge/cherokee.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Forced removal under the contested Treaty of New Echota (1835, minority faction, repudiated by Cherokee government); US Army troops and militia under General Winfield Scott forcibly evicted the people into stockades, then on forced marches. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) had held Georgia law had no force in Cherokee territory; removal proceeded regardless. How they were killed: More than 16,000 Cherokee forcibly evicted. National Park Service: "An estimated 4,000 Cherokee, especially the old, the young, and the infirm, died during the journey" — from disease, exposure and poor supplies, in stockades and on routes; carried as an estimate, not a count. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §5. | Documented (death figure an estimate, as filed) |
| 1839 — the revolt aboard the schooner La Amistad; 1841 — the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling; 1842 — 35 survivors returned to Sierra Leone, a count from the case record. | Mende people kidnapped in Sierra Leone and illegally carried to Cuba, led by Sengbe Pieh (Joseph Cinqué).. | Where: Sierra Leone, their home; kidnapped to Cuba and put aboard La Amistad for transfer within Cuba, then brought to the United States coast. How they lived: Free people illegally enslaved — the standing the Supreme Court itself gave them. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a shipboard revolt by the captives against their captors, after illegal enslavement in defiance of Spain's treaty obligations. How they were killed: In the revolt the captain and cook were killed by the captives; the dossier carries no other deaths for this entry — the rest is OWED. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/slave_trades/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, §4.2 [AMISTAD — 40 U.S. 518 (1841)]. | DOCUMENTED |
| 2 August 1838 | Pecos | Where: Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a separate pueblo — the last remnant was received into Jemez Pueblo on 2 August 1838 (17 survivors in the BAE count, 21 in Jemez's own account; discrepancy printed, not settled); descendants reside at Jemez, which still keeps a Pecos governorship Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class B long tail). | Class B |
| 10 June 1838 | Wirrayaraay people (of the Gamilaraay nation) | Where: Myall Creek, New South Wales, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: At least 28 Wirrayaraay people — mostly women, children and old men — bound, led to a gully and killed by eleven convict/ex-convict stockmen led by John Fleming; bodies burned; seven men were hanged in December 1838 after a second trial — the first and only successful prosecution of settlers for a massacre of Aboriginal people in the colonial record carried in the file Outcome: People standing — Gamilaraay and Wirrayaraay stand today; language revival proceeds from the record; no Class A line Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §2.1. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact, per case) |
| 1840s (Mator language ended in the 1840s) | Mator | Where: Sayan region, Siberia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a separate people inside other peoples; descendants continue in the peoples they joined Record: asia-and-the-north.md §4.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §4.1. | Class B |
| July 1843 | Brataualung people (Gunai/Kurnai) | Where: Warrigal Creek, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Angus McMillan's party of about 20 colonists (the "Highland Brigade") rode from camp to camp killing Brataualung people; the map project's grouped entry for the Warrigal Creek group (five sites) gives an estimated total of 125 killed; single-site retellings range 60 to 150 (range printed, not resolved) Outcome: People standing — the Gunai/Kurnai stand today as the Gunaikurnai nation, native title recognised; Class C pattern / living people Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §2.3. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact; figures at their own level) |
| the process runs across the later 19th century into the early 20th: Alexander von Humboldt's Asie centrale (1843) gives scholarship its replacement term, Central Asia; by the era of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, which carries no country-article for Tartary, the retirement is complete. | no people — a word, and the peoples it had covered, who did not retire with it: Tatars, Mongols, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz, Uyghurs, Manchus, Tibetans and Siberia's peoples, named severally in the strand's records. | Where: everywhere the label had covered — the word's contents outgrew their heading, region by surveyed region: Turkestan (divided, exactly as Tartary had been, into Russian/Western and Chinese/Eastern), Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet, Dzungaria. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war, no decree, no bonfire — a surveyor's process, in print, in the open: the tripartite Tartary still stands in Tallis (1851); the great atlases then head their articles Turkestan, Siberia, Mongolia; the word survives as a historical term and in the derivative names that were always real — the Tatar peoples, Tatarstan, the Strait of Tartary, which carries the name on charts today. How they were killed: the word was not killed. Its documentary trail is continuous, dated and multi-country — a sequence of maps and geographies in which the word is used less as its replacements are used more, with the same lands, cities and peoples carried across the change of heading. Outcome: "Tartary" dissolved into its own contents because it was a label for the unsurveyed, and as the surveying was done the label had less and less work to do. A label erased by conspiracy leaves a gap; this retirement leaves a paper trail — and the trail is itself the refutation of the erasure story. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.7. (Stands in the Chronology's order under its opening date, 1843; placed at the thread's end here so the label's whole life reads before the claim that inherited it.) | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1843 in one version, 1862 in another (the conflict is the record, printed unresolved in the file) | Caquetío | Where: Aruba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Census Class A — for Aruba, secondary reports in the file conflict: Dutch-record traditions give the death of Nicolaas Pyclas, called the last full-blooded Caquetío, as 1843 in one version and 1862 in another, the latter also given as the language's extinction date. There is no mainland last mention in the file Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.12. | Debated |
| 1845–1872 (New Zealand Wars, conventional span) | Māori | Where: Aotearoa New Zealand How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The New Zealand Wars 1845–1872 (Northern War 1845–46 through Taranaki, Waikato, Tauranga and campaigns to 1872), after the Treaty of Waitangi / Te Tiriti o Waitangi was first signed 6 February 1840 How they were killed: Total deaths commonly estimated at roughly 3,000 — on the order of 2,000 Māori and 1,000 British and colonial troops in standard summaries (estimates, not counts); introduced disease did the largest part of the century's demographic work on the file's record Outcome: People standing (see 1896 nadir and 2023 recovery in this chronology); no census class Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §2.2. | not classed in the record; genocide application to the Wars is Debated, no official finding |
| June 1845 (night of 18–19 June 1845) | Ouled Riah (Awled-Riah) | Where: Dahra mountains, Algeria (caves of the Frachich / Ghar al-Frachich) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: French conquest — forces under Col. Aimable Pélissier trapped the Ouled Riah, a tribe that had refused submission, in refuge caves How they were killed: Enfumade — fires kept burning at the cave mouths through the night to suffocate those inside; commonly cited death figures run ~500 to ~1,000, printed as a range with the disagreement (Algerian scholarship treats it as the tribe's extermination in the caves; French reporting at the time minimised it) Outcome: People standing — the Ouled Riah name and descendant community continue in the Dahra region today; carried as a guard line, not a count Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §3.2. | not classed in the record (guard case; Documented Fact, death figure as range) |
| Invasion 5 July 1830; Abdelkader's war 1832–1847; Mokrani revolt 1871–72 closes the era. | the Algerian peoples — Arab and Amazigh — of the Regency of Algiers' former territories, and Emir Abdelkader's state in the west.. | Where: Coastal cities, the Tell, the high plateaus and the northern Sahara of modern Algeria. How they lived: Under the Regency's beyliks and tribal confederations, then under Abdelkader's taxed, diplomatised state — which France itself recognised by treaty (1834, 1837) before repudiating the settlement. The war or conquest — and who did it: France, under Bugeaud from 1841, waged total war: mobile columns, the *razzia* against crops, villages and herds, and the *enfumades* of 1845 (the Dahra caves entry stands in this chronology at June 1845). How they were killed: By war, massacre, famine (1866–68) and epidemic in combination. The population fell from an estimated c. 3 million (c. 1830, never counted) to c. 2.1–2.5 million in French censuses of the 1860s–70s; the decline is documented, its apportionment DEBATED, and any single death toll is OWED — none is verified. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/algeria/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§2–3. | DOCUMENTED (toll DEBATED / OWED as a single figure). |
| 1846–1873 | California Indians (many peoples) | Where: California, United States How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Vigilantes, state militiamen and federal troops; California authorised up to ~$1.51 million for militia expeditions (much federally reimbursed); 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians legalised Indigenous child indenture and convict leasing How they were killed: Madley (2016), conservative estimates: between 9,492 and 16,092 California Indians killed (1,680–3,741 by the US Army) in more than 370 massacres. Dispute printed in file: Gary Clayton Anderson estimated no more than ~2,000 killed; Ostler criticised Anderson's estimate as "unsubstantiated" and "at least five times too low"; Cook (1943) counted 4,556 killings for 1847–1865 alone. Demographic frame: population fell a further ~80% 1846–1873 to a nadir of ~30,000; the killing figure is only the direct-killing subset, not total decline. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §8. | Documented (headline range disputed, dispute printed as filed) |
| Mid-1800s to the 1960s (Norwegianization) | Sámi | Where: Sápmi — northern Norway (with parallel records in Sweden, Finland and Russia) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Norway's Norwegianization (fornorsking): 1851 school instructions and later acts made Norwegian the language of instruction, boarding schools removed Sámi (and Kven) children from their languages, Sámi land purchase was restricted by the 1902 Land Act's Norwegian-language condition How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — Sámi parliaments, languages endangered; Kemi Sámi (19th century) and Akkala Sámi (last fluent native speaker Maria (Marja) Sergina died 29 December 2003) are Class C lines inside the living Sámi people Record: asia-and-the-north.md §6.1; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §6. | Class C (for the ended language lines); Norwegianization Documented, no genocide finding |
| 1851. | no people — a map: the Tallis Independent Tartary, with vignettes of the region's peoples and cities. | Where: the sheet was made in London; its subject is the khanates' country, still standing outside both empires' direct rule. How they lived: the vignettes draw the peoples as the era pictured them — period witness, at that weight. The war or conquest — and who did it: no war in this entry — a publication, in the last generation in which the tripartite Tartary still stood whole in the great atlases. How they were killed: — Outcome: the label's late standing — within two decades the khanates whose country the sheet draws would be protectorates or abolished (1868, 1873, 1876, below), and the atlases would follow the surveys to new headings. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§2.2, 2.7; THE_MAPPING_OF_THE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §§7–8. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1853–1896 (Kingdom census series); combined Hawaiian and Part Hawaiian 71,019 (1853) to 39,504 (1896) | Native Hawaiians (Kānaka Maoli) | Where: Hawaiʻi How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Introduced venereal disease (from 1778), successive epidemics including the 1804 maʻi ʻōkuʻu epidemic, the 1848–49 measles/whooping-cough/influenza complex, and the 1853 smallpox epidemic, with infertility, infant mortality and plantation dislocation; at-contact estimates ~300,000–800,000 (working scholarly range; models 150,000–1.5 million) — a decline of roughly 85–90%+ against the low baseline by 1896 (arithmetic on sourced figures) Outcome: People standing — 680,442 Native Hawaiians alone or in any combination in the 2020 US Census; collapse, not extinction; no census class Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §§3.1–3.2, 3.5. | not classed in the record; genocide application Debated/Claim, no official determination |
| 1854 (confederation); removed to Kansas, then in 1867 to north-east Oklahoma | Wea · Piankeshaw | Where: Indiana / Illinois country, then Kansas and Oklahoma How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as separate polities; descendants are citizens of the Peoria Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class B long tail). | Class B (grouped, counted severally as 2) |
| 1857–58 (reprisals after 27 October 1857) | Yiman | Where: Hornet Bank station, Queensland, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: After Yiman warriors killed 11 colonists at Hornet Bank station (27 Oct 1857), at least three large reprisal massacres followed (map project grouped entry); no total figure given in the file for the reprisals Outcome: owed in the record Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §2.2. | not classed in the record |
| 1858 (penal settlement established); Great Andamanese counted ~5,000 at contact (estimate) to 19 in 1961 (lowest count) | Great Andamanese (ten peoples: Aka-Cari, Aka-Kora, Aka-Bo, Aka-Jeru, Aka-Kede, Aka-Kol, Oko-Juwoi, A-Pucikwar, Akar-Bale, Aka-Bea) | Where: Great Andaman archipelago, Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: British penal settlement at Port Blair established 1858; killing in punitive expeditions and armed resistance, including the Battle of Aberdeen (May 1859) How they were killed: At far larger scale, introduced disease (measles, influenza, syphilis and other epidemics), compounded by the "Andaman Homes" into which captured and orphaned people were gathered, and by alcohol and opium; census line: 625 (1901), 455 (1911), 207 (1921), 90 (1931), about 23–25 (1951), 19 (1961), 24 (1971), 43 (2001), 52 (2010); survivors gathered to Bluff Island (1949), then moved to Strait Island (1969) Outcome: The merged Great Andamanese community stands (about fifty people on Strait Island); separate tribal endings are the Class A and Class B entries in this chronology; genocide word for the Andamans is Claim/Debated, no official finding Record: asia-and-the-north.md §§1.1–1.2, 1.6; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.3. | not classed in the record as a whole (guard case — the community itself is not extinct) |
| 1861–1883 (Occupation of Araucanía — Chilean official vocabulary "Pacification of Araucanía," quoted as the state's term) | Mapuche | Where: Mapuche country south of the Biobío River, Chile (Wallmapu / Gulumapu) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Chilean state fort-line advance under Cornelio Saavedra's plan from 1861 — forts planted inside Mapuche territory, land behind the line declared the state's, line advanced again; wars 1868–1871; final offensive 1881–1883 against the general Mapuche rising of November 1881; Temuco founded February 1881; Villarrica refounded 1 January 1883. President Santa María, 1 June 1883: "Today the whole Araucanía is subjugated…" How they were killed: Death figures are NOT documented at the Argentine level in the file — no count of Mapuche war dead or of deaths in following famines/epidemics survives as a documentable figure; the widely repeated fall from half a million to 25,000 (attributed to Ward Churchill) is NOT supported by Bengoa and is NOT carried. Documented aftermath is territorial: of roughly 10 million hectares, the radicación process (1884–1929) left the Mapuche about 500,000 hectares (~5%) in roughly 3,000 reduction titles (Bengoa: 3,078 titles, 475,423 ha, 77,751 people; variant count 2,918 titles, 510,386 ha, 82,629 people — variants printed together in file). Outcome: not classed in the record (see also 2019) Record: conquest-of-the-desert.md §7. | Documented (dispossession figures); death toll not documented, as filed |
| 1862; hangings 26 December 1862 | Dakota | Where: Minnesota — US–Dakota War, Mankato, Fort Snelling / Pike Island How they lived: Tiospaye (extended family band) as basic social unit; bands camped, hunted and governed through councils; Dakota communities combined horticulture (corn), wild-rice/fishing waters and hunting; Plains life centred on communal bison hunting (knowledge/lakota-dakota.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: After the US–Dakota War of 1862, a five-officer US military commission tried Dakota men in proceedings sometimes lasting minutes, without defence counsel, and sentenced 303 (307 in some counts) to death; President Lincoln commuted 264 and approved 39; one reprieved. In 1863 Congress abrogated the Dakota treaties, exiled the Dakota from Minnesota by law, and Minnesota offered bounties for Dakota scalps. How they were killed: 38 Dakota men hanged simultaneously at Mankato, 26 December 1862 — the largest mass execution in US history. Some 1,600–2,000 Dakota, mostly noncombatants, interned for the winter at Fort Snelling/Pike Island, where hundreds died of disease. (War tallies in file: 358 settlers, 77 soldiers, 36 militia killed; ~150 Dakota died in battle.) Two more leaders, Shakopee and Medicine Bottle, kidnapped from Canada and hanged at Fort Snelling in 1865. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §7. | Documented |
| 1862 (smallpox epidemic); language last speaker Joe Nim Nim died 1940; language officially reawakened 17 November 2023 | Pentlatch (pentl'ach) | Where: British Columbia, Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Reduced by an estimated 90% in the 1862 smallpox epidemic and consolidated into what became the K'omoks First Nation; no figure given in the census line beyond the estimated 90% Outcome: Polity ended; descendants stand in K'omoks and Qualicum; the language is not filed missing — Qualicum First Nation and the First Peoples' Cultural Council announced pentl'ach officially reawakened as a living language on 17 November 2023 Record: EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.5 (Class B long tail). | Class B (with the reawakening printed on the face of the line) |
| December 1862 – 1863 | Rapa Nui | Where: Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Polynesia, today administered by Chile How they lived: Hereditary chiefs (ariki) headed by the ariki mau stood over trained specialists — the ma'ori rongorongo, experts in chanting and, on the rongorongo question, reading the inscribed wooden tablets (the only known Indigenous script of Oceania, undeciphered) The war or conquest — and who did it: Peruvian slave raids 1862–63 — private vessels under Peruvian licence and flag, for the Chincha Islands guano workings; in December 1862 a fleet of eight ships seized islanders gathered on the beach (at least ten killed in the first seizure); raiding continued into 1863 by deception where force failed; Peru prohibited the trade and ordered repatriation in 1863 How they were killed: ~1,400–1,500 people taken (1,408 the commonly cited specific accounting) — roughly half the island's people (pre-raid estimate ~2,500–3,000); captives died in Peru at a catastrophic rate (tuberculosis, smallpox, dysentery), including the ariki mau's heir and the greater part of the rongorongo-literate elite; of those shipped back in autumn 1863 only ~12–15 reached Rapa Nui alive, and they brought smallpox home — no numbered Peru death total is carried in the file Outcome: People standing — a living people, several thousand strong today, language in revival; the file states it is NOT an extermination account (see 1877 entry) Record: rapa-nui-1862-63.md §§1–4, 6; new-zealand-and-pacific.md §12. | not classed in the record (near-extermination, guard case; no census class) |
| 1863 (New Zealand Settlements Act); confiscations in Waikato, Taranaki, Tauranga and the Bay of Plenty | Māori (iwi deemed in "rebellion") | Where: Aotearoa New Zealand How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Raupatu — confiscation under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 by the Crown How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing; Treaty settlements (120+ by 2023) are partial redress, printed at that weight in the file Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §2.2. | not classed in the record |
| 29 January 1863 | Northwestern Band of Shoshone, under Bear Hunter | Where: Bear River, present-day Idaho How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Attack by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor's California Volunteers (US Army) on the band's winter village How they were killed: Shoshone deaths estimated from about 250 to over 400; Madsen (1985) supported at least ~280; range for this record ~250–400+, with ~280–350 the commonly cited scholarly band. A settler count of 493 (Jasperson, 1911) is NOT treated as reliable in the file. About 24 US soldiers killed. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §2. | Documented (range as filed) |
| 1863–1904 (Queensland labour trade); deportations late 1906–1908 | Pacific Islanders (overwhelmingly from the New Hebrides / Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands) taken to Queensland | Where: Queensland, Australia (recruited across island Melanesia) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The blackbirding labour trade — indentured import from 1863 (first shipment 67 Islanders on the Don Juan, August 1863); documented kidnapping, deception and violence especially in the first decades, alongside negotiated recruitment (the spectrum is Debated in the historiography); trade ended by the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901, which mandated deportation after 1906 How they were killed: More than 62,000 arrivals in the National Museum of Australia's figure (scholarly range ~55,000 to 62,500 arrivals — voyages/contracts, not unique persons); Queensland registers record in excess of 14,564 Islander deaths in Queensland between 1868 and 1906, with around another 100 between 1863 and 1867 (approximately 15,000, about 30%, as an estimate built on the registers); more than 7,500 deported 1906–08 (scholarly range ~4,000–7,500), about 350 transferred to Fiji plantations, at least 27 of whom died in transport Outcome: Peoples standing — blackbirding is filed as a mechanism, not census lines; it ended no people by the three-missing test verified in the pass; Australian South Sea Islander descendants are a recognised community in Australia Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §4. | not classed in the record (Documented deaths and deportations; "slavery" for the whole trade Debated; no official genocide finding) |
| 29 November 1864 | Cheyenne and Arapaho — encampment of Black Kettle, White Antelope and Left Hand | Where: Sand Creek, Colorado Territory How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Colonel John Chivington's ~675–700 Colorado Volunteers attacked a peaceful encampment; Black Kettle raised a US flag and a white flag as instructed; Chivington ordered no prisoners taken. Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War (1865): Chivington "deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre." Chivington was never punished. How they were killed: Deaths about 230 in the Colorado legislature's modern findings; other reputable summaries ~150–160 ("perhaps as many as 160"); honest range for this record ~150–230, the great majority women, children and elderly. Bodies mutilated; trophies paraded in Denver. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §3. | Documented (range as filed) |
| August 1864 – late 1866 (marches); internment to 1868 | Diné (Navajo) (see also Mescalero Apache, same entry as filed) | Where: Navajo homeland to Bosque Redondo internment camp, Fort Sumner, New Mexico (Hwéeldi) — marches of ~300–450 miles How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Scorched-earth campaign ordered by Brigadier General James Carleton, executed by Colonel Kit Carson — crops, orchards and livestock destroyed to force surrender; US Army conducted some 53 separate forced marches How they were killed: About 10,000 Navajo and ~500 Mescalero Apache deported. Deaths during marches and four-year internment: up to ~3,500 from starvation, disease and exposure (literature range ~2,500–3,500 for march + internment combined; at least ~200 died on the marches themselves in the lowest accounts). Bosque Redondo's alkaline water, crop failures and inadequate rations made the camp the larger killer. Treaty of Bosque Redondo (1868) allowed return to a reservation within the homeland. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §6. | Documented (range as filed) |
| From 1865 (Native Lands Act 1865; Native Land Court) | Māori | Where: Aotearoa New Zealand How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Native Land Court — conversion of customary communal title to individual freehold; ten-owner rule, distant debt-generating hearings, survey and court costs charged against the land How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing; no census class Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §2.2. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact) |
| 1865 (the Three Knolls Massacre); and 1908 | Yahi | Where: The Deer Creek and Mill Creek country of northern California, in the Lassen foothills; the Yahi were the southernmost group of the Yana people How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: United States — Gold Rush–era massacre and bounty violence, and cattlemen, as the file records the blows How they were killed: At the Three Knolls Massacre (1865) approximately 30 Yahi survived an attack on Ishi's family group; cattlemen then killed about half of those survivors. The remnant — a band of roughly 5 to 20 people in contemporary summaries in the file — hid in the foothills for some forty years (c. 1870–1911). A 1908 survey party's raid on their camp scattered the last family group; after his mother's and companions' deaths, one man lived alone for three years Outcome: Census Class A — see the 1916 Yahi entry for the end and the file's correction on it Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.11. | Documented |
| 1 July 1867 (the British North America Act in force) | the settler colonies of Ontario, Québec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick — and, unconsulted, the Indigenous nations on whose land the new state stood. | Where: British North America; the nations in their own territories across the continent the dominion claimed How they lived: The nations under their own governments and laws (§1 of the dossier); the colonies as self-governing settler societies of some 3.3 million (1861 census count across the colonies) The war or conquest — and who did it: No battle — a constitutional act: section 91(24) assigned Ottawa authority over "Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians." No Indigenous nation was consulted, represented, or made a party; Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), Prince Edward Island (1873) followed, Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, Newfoundland in 1949 How they were killed: Not a killing entry — the founding entry of the state whose later instruments (the treaties' breach, the Indian Act, the schools) the Chronology carries at their own dates Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §6.1. | Documented. |
| 1868 — Samarkand taken in May; the Emirate of Bukhara reduced to a Russian protectorate the same year. | the peoples of the Emirate of Bukhara — Uzbeks, Tajiks and their neighbours of the Zeravshan oases. | Where: Bukhara and Samarkand — Samarkand the gazetteer table's "Chief City" of Independent Tartary. How they lived: as a literate, coin-striking, chronicle-writing emirate, heir of the Shaybanid khanate from 1500 and an emirate under the Manghits from 1785. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Russian Empire's Central Asian advance — Tashkent taken 1865, Samarkand 1868; the Emir submitted to protectorate terms, his court, treasury and chronicles continuing under Russian residents. How they were killed: in the campaigns of the advance, at the record's weight — no settled count is carried in this thread. Outcome: "Independent Tartary" lost its greatest state to protection, not to erasure: Bukhara stood, photographed and administered, until 1920. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.5; dates as carried in THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1869 (Ezo renamed Hokkaido and incorporated); Former Aborigines Protection Act 1899, in law until 1997 | Ainu | Where: Hokkaido, northern Honshu, Sakhalin and the Kurils (Japan) How they lived: Traditional hunting and fishing (deer, salmon) and customs including tattooing — all prohibited under assimilation policy, per the file The war or conquest — and who did it: Meiji colonisation of the north from 1869 — Ainu land taken up as state land, Japanese names and language imposed; the 1899 Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Act classed Ainu as "former aborigines," allotted small parcels of often poor farmland, and provided separate inferior schools (Documented effect: assimilation and land loss) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — counted from about 13,000 (Hokkaido Ainu Association surveys) to far higher estimates; language critically endangered (about 10 native speakers on Ethnologue-line counts; Sakhalin Ainu ended as a spoken variety in 1994); no genocide finding by any official body Record: asia-and-the-north.md §2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §2. | Class C |
| 1870 (Native Land Court sitting on Rēkohu) | Moriori | Where: Rēkohu (Chatham Islands), New Zealand How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Native Land Court awarded land by its rule that those in occupation in 1840 held the greatest rights How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing (see 1835 and 2020 entries) Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §1.4. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact — official findings of the Waitangi Tribunal, Wai 64) |
| 1871 (enumeration) | Indigenous peoples in Canada | Where: Canada (within Canada's then borders — a smaller territory than today's) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Nadir count, not a death count: 102,358 enumerated in 1871 — a documented trough far below any contact-era estimate (scholarly contact-era range for present-day Canada ~200,000 to 2 million; 500,000 the figure accepted by the Royal Commission literature as summarised in the file). Outcome: not classed in the record — peoples grew back from the nadirs (see 2021 entry) Record: missing-generations.md §1.3; demographic-collapse.md §3. | Documented (enumeration) |
| 1871–1921 (Treaties 1–7, 1871–1877; Treaties 8–11, 1899–1921) | the First Nations of the plains, parkland, shield and Mackenzie Valley — Nehiyawak, Anishinaabe, Niitsitapi, Nakoda, Dene and others — and the Crown in right of Canada. | Where: From southern Manitoba to the Mackenzie Valley — nearly half the land mass of Canada, in the Crown's own accounting of what the treaties covered How they lived: The plains nations on the bison economy in its last decade; the woodland and northern nations on hunting, fishing and trade territories under their own governments (dossier §1) The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a war — treaty-making, under the pressure of settlement, the railway, and (after 1879) famine: the Crown's written texts record the land "cede[d], release[d], surrender[ed] and yield[ed] up," with reserves, annuities and hunting rights retained; the signatory nations' oral record records sharing — the depth of a plough for farming, the land itself never surrendered, a relationship to last "as long as the sun shines, the grass grows, and the rivers flow." Treaty 6 (1876) carries the famine and medicine-chest clauses the nations negotiated How they were killed: Not a killing entry in itself — its breach is: the starvation years that followed are carried at the Chronology's 1879–1885 entries (see Canada — Plains record) Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §6.2, §13 C-1. | Documented (both records of the treaties, shown, not merged). |
| 3 December AD 1872 — the translation of the Chaldean account of the deluge, from Tablet XI of Gilgamesh, read before the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London. DOCUMENTED. | The recovery is the work of the British Museum's tablet rooms — a self-taught decipherer among the fragments excavated from Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh; the man who first told the flood, in the text, is Utnapishtim of Shuruppak, three and a half millennia earlier. (Attribution stands in the extraction file's Research log.) | Where: The reading was in London; the tablets came from Kouyunjik, the mound of Nineveh, across the Tigris from modern Mosul. How they lived: Not applicable to an act of decipherment — recorded plainly: a museum culture of excavation and philology, recovering a literature no one had read in over two thousand years. The war or conquest — and who did it: None — this entry is a recovery, not a conquest. How they were killed: No one — this entry records a reading. The deaths are inside the ancient telling read aloud: the storm of six days and seven nights, and mankind turned to clay. Outcome: The world's oldest flood literature re-enters human knowledge. The point-by-point likeness of the Babylonian sequence to Genesis — warning, vessel, storm, mountain, birds, sacrifice — becomes a public sensation and fixes the comparative study of the flood traditions, the subject of this whole core, as a discipline. Expeditions are funded to Nineveh within the year to recover the missing fragments. Record: THE_FLOOD_TRADITIONS_OF_THE_NATIONS_2026-10-28.md, §4. THE_TABLETS_SPEAK_2026-10-28.md, §9. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1873. | the peoples of the Khanate of Khiva — Uzbeks, Turkmens, Karakalpaks and Kazakhs of Khwarezm, the gazetteer table's "Kharasm." | Where: the Khwarezm oasis on the lower Amu Darya, between the Kyzylkum and Karakum deserts. How they lived: as an irrigated oasis khanate (from 1511) of walled towns, canals, madrasas and slave markets, ruled from Khiva, striking coinage and keeping chronicles to its last decade. The war or conquest — and who did it: a Russian expedition under General von Kaufmann took Khiva in 1873 after converging columns crossed the deserts; the khan was restored as a vassal under the Treaty of Gandamian. How they were killed: in the campaign and in the punitive destruction of Turkmen settlements that followed, numbered in the Russian and khanate records in the thousands — no settled count is carried here. Outcome: Khiva became a Russian protectorate, its foreign relations and part of its territory taken, its court and administration continuing — a khanate in form until 1920. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.5; THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1875 (measles epidemic, February to about June 1875) | iTaukei (Indigenous Fijians) | Where: Fiji How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Fiji ceded to Britain October 1874; Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau's returning party from Sydney was landed at Levuka in January 1875 on HMS Dido without quarantine, bringing measles to a wholly unexposed population How they were killed: ~40,000 dead, roughly one-quarter to one-third of the people (population at cession estimated ~150,000; the band is carried, no point figure settled), compounded by dysentery and collapse of nursing and food supply; chiefly loss separately attested (69 chiefs in one medical account, with the record's uncertainty flagged) Outcome: People standing — iTaukei are the majority population of an independent Fiji, language and dialect diversity intact; no genocide finding for 1875 (negligence at the documented standard, per the file) Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §5. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact; mortality as a range) |
| 1876 (consolidating earlier colonial statutes; amended many times since) | First Nations people across Canada — the Act defined in law who among them was an "Indian". | Where: On reserves held in Crown title, and in their own territories; the Act followed the person, not only the place How they lived: Before the Act's full working: under their own nations' governments, kinship and membership laws — the orders the Act set out to replace (dossier §1.4) The war or conquest — and who did it: No battle — legislation, by the Parliament of Canada: status defined by the state (a woman marrying a non-status man lost status until 1985); enfranchisement extinguishing status; reserve land surrenderable only to the Crown and taken under documented pressure; elected councils imposed over the nations' own governments (the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council deposed by police occupation in 1924); the potlatch and Plains ceremonies criminalized (1885–1951); a pass system enforced for decades without statutory authority; from 1927 to 1951, an offence to raise money to pursue a land claim How they were killed: Not a killing entry — an instrument entry; the systems it authorized (the schools at the 1831 entry; the starvation administration at the 1879–1885 entries) carry their own death records Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §6.4; site class class-chewing-away-grades-10-13. | Documented. |
| 1876. | the peoples of the Khanate of Kokand (from 1709) — Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tajiks and Kazakhs of the Ferghana Valley. | Where: the Ferghana Valley, the third of Independent Tartary's khanates. How they lived: as a khanate of irrigated valley towns and steppe-facing trade, the youngest of the three, founded two centuries after Bukhara and Khiva. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Russian Empire abolished the khanate outright in 1876, after revolt and expedition, and annexed its territory as the Ferghana Oblast — the one khanate of the three not left standing even in form. How they were killed: in the suppression of the revolts of 1875–76, at the record's weight — no settled count is carried in this thread. Outcome: Independent Tartary as a political fact ended here in Ferghana, while Bukhara and Khiva stood on as protectorates — each ending dated, documented and different, which is what real states' endings look like. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §2.5; date as carried in THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1877 (census) | Rapa Nui | Where: Rapa Nui (Easter Island) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The reduction completed by mission-era removals: 1871 evacuation removed most of the remaining population to Mangareva and Tahiti (275 removed in one accounting; "all but 171" taken in another — printed unreconciled), after the Dutrou-Bornier sheep-ranch terror from 1868 and export of labourers to Tahiti How they were killed: 1877 census counted 111 people, of whom only 36 had children — from a pre-raid ~2,500–3,000, a loss by death and removal together of on the order of 95% or more in fifteen years (proportion printed in the file as arithmetic from its sourced figures) Outcome: People standing — the genealogical bottleneck of the modern Rapa Nui people; several thousand strong today (see 1862 entry) Record: rapa-nui-1862-63.md §5. | not classed in the record (near-extermination, guard case; explicitly NOT an extermination account) |
| 1878–1885 (authorising Law 947, 4 October 1878; preliminary sweeps late 1878; main advance April–July 1879; Patagonian campaigns 1880–1885) | Mapuche, Tehuelche (Aonikenk), Ranquel, Puelche (Gennakenk), Pehuenche and other peoples of the Pampa and northern Patagonia | Where: Argentina — Pampa and northern Patagonia to south of the Río Negro; last large independent group (communities of Inacayal and Foyel, more than 3,000 people) surrendered in present-day Chubut, December 1884 How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Argentine state campaign under Minister of War (later President) General Julio Argentino Roca, authorised and financed by Law 947 (4 Oct 1878), to be paid for from "the public lands that shall be conquered." Roca to Congress, 1878, his own words: to put down "by reason or by force" the people he named — his label quoted as his. His doctrine as summarised: extinguish, subdue, or expel. Preliminary sweeps by December 1878: army reporting counted more than 4,000 captured and about 400 killed. Main advance: some 6,000 troops with Remington rifles in five divisions. How they were killed: THE PERPETRATOR'S ACCOUNTING — Roca's Memoria, Department of War and Navy, 1879, printed as his, never adopted: 1,313 men under his category "spear Indians" killed; 1,271 captured; 10,539 people under his category chusma (women, children, elderly) captured (textual variant 10,513 printed in file); 1,049 reducidos; total 14,172 people "suppressed from the pampa" (variant total 14,152). The file constructs NO single death toll: the accounting excludes deaths in flight, hunger, exposure and disease. Modern summaries: about 15,000 taken captive; Argentine scholarship documents more than 15,000 displaced. Survivors concentrated (Valcheta, Martín García Island and elsewhere), families separated, men conscripted / sent as labour, women and children distributed into domestic service. Outcome: not classed in the record (see also 2019) Record: conquest-of-the-desert.md §2–§6. | Documented (figures as the perpetrator's accounting, as filed) |
| 1 November 1879 (opened); operated 1879–1918 | Children of more than 140 Tribal Nations (United States) | Where: Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: First federally run off-reservation boarding school, founded by Captain (later Brig. Gen.) Richard Henry Pratt; his stated philosophy, 1892: "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man." Opened with a first class of 147 students, youngest 6, eldest 25. Military discipline, identity alteration, hair cut, Native clothing and names replaced, Native languages punished, children assigned out as labourers. How they were killed: More than 7,800 children attended. At least ~180–187 students died at Carlisle and were buried in its cemetery (NPS: at least 180 buried; federal summaries: at least 187 died). Cemetery relocated by the Army in 1927. Returns of children's remains carried at 2024 and 2025 entries. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools.md §4; schools-chronology-as-evidence.md §3. | Documented |
| 1879–1885 (starvation policy years; Macdonald held the Indian Affairs portfolio personally 1879–1887) | Cree, Assiniboine, Saulteaux, Blackfoot Confederacy peoples, Métis hunters (northern Plains) | Where: Canadian Plains — reserves, Fort Walsh / Cypress Hills, Battleford and Qu'Appelle districts (present Saskatchewan) How they lived: Plains life on the bison economy — communal bison hunting with jumps, pounds (piskun) and surrounds; pemmican production (Cree pimîhkân) principally by women, fuelling the fur trade; Assiniboine and Cree producers supplied posts from the late 1600s–1700s (practices/following-the-herds.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Government of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald used the famine after the bison herds effectively vanished from Canadian territory by 1879 as an instrument (Daschuk, 2013, on the government's own archive): treaty-promised food (Treaty 6, 1876, famine clause) withheld, reduced and conditioned; work for rations; rations cut to one-half and one-quarter; food rotted in storehouses while malnutrition, sickness and death ravaged reserves; rations at Fort Walsh cut off to clear the Cypress Hills — Daschuk's summary: "Within a year, 5,000 people were expelled from the Cypress Hills," his characterisation of it as ethnic cleansing of southwestern Saskatchewan printed as his. How they were killed: No death total in file. Tuberculosis as amplifier: Daschuk's reserve figures as summarised — TB mortality rising from 40 deaths per 1,000 in 1881 to 127 per 1,000 in 1886; Qu'Appelle agency series: death rate from TB peaked in 1886 at 9,000 per 100,000. The two figures rest on different populations and are not reconciled in the file. Outcome: not classed in the record (see also 1882, 1885) Record: canada-plains-starvation.md §1–§3, §6. | Documented |
| 1880s–1910s (Porfiriato frame in the apology speech: 1876–1911, 34 years) | Yaqui, Mayo and Seri | Where: Sonora, Mexico How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Porfirian campaigns of the Mexican state — named in President López Obrador's apology speech (2021) as, in his words, a "cruel war of extermination" waged for many years against the Maya of Yucatán and "the Yaquis, Mayos and Seris in Sonora," and "crimes of State" against Yaqui ancestors "above all during the Porfiriato, though not only during that dictatorship." The Government's Plan de Justicia book characterises what the Yaqui suffered as "the gravest actions of genocide, extermination and dispossession" — printed as the programme document's characterisation, not a court finding. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: the people standing — Yaqui survive: eight pueblos, traditional governments in place (see 2021 entry) Record: yaqui-apology-2021.md §2–§3, §5. | Documented (as a state apology's characterisation, at an apology's weight) |
| 27 April 1882 (see also 1879, 1885) | Plains First Nations (Cree, Assiniboine and others under the ration regime) | Where: House of Commons, Ottawa, Canada (Hansard, p. 1186) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, defending his department's expenditure, in his own words [PRIMARY DOCUMENT — Hansard]: "I have reason to believe that the agents as a whole, and I am sure it is the case with the Commissioner, are doing all they can, by refusing food until the Indians are on the verge of starvation, to reduce the expense." Fuller context in file: the starving "have been helped, but they have been reduced to one-half and one-quarter rations." The dispute over the words (Daschuk's policy reading vs. the contextual defence) is printed in the file and not settled; the text itself is not disputed. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: canada-plains-starvation.md §4. | Documented (primary document; interpretation Debated, as filed) |
| 1883 (Aborigines Protection Board established, NSW); Aborigines Protection Act 1909 (NSW), 1915 amendment; Act stood until 1969 | Aboriginal people of New South Wales | Where: New South Wales, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The protection regime — a Protector appointed 1881; the 1883 Board; the 1909 Act gave the Board control over reserves, movement and children; the 1915 amendment empowered removal and apprenticeship of children without a court hearing How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples standing; no census line Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §4. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact — legislative skeleton) |
| September 1884 | Kalkadoon / Kalkatungu | Where: Battle Mountain, near Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: A detachment of six Native Police under Sub-Inspector Frederick Urquhart, assisted by settlers, fought Kalkadoon warriors gathered on a rocky outlook after the killing of a Chinese shepherd on Granada station How they were killed: The map project's entry records 30 Aboriginal people killed on its sourced basis; the contemporary report records "an unknown number of men, women and children killed"; later popular accounts claiming 200+ killed are NOT CARRIED as figures in the file Outcome: People standing — organised in the Kalkadoon Tribal Council ("the spirit of the Kalkatunga tribe never died at battle"); language filed in the catalogue record as ended as a first language Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §§2.2, 5.1. | Class C |
| 27 November 1885 | Cree and Assiniboine/Nakota — eight men of Big Bear's band and the Battleford district | Where: Fort Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Trials at Battleford, September–October 1885, before stipendiary magistrate Charles Rouleau (whose house had been burned in the rising he judged), conducted in English through interpreters, the Battleford accused without defence counsel. Macdonald's instruction, in his own words: "The executions ought to convince the Red Man that the White Man governs." Context: starvation years and the 1885 North-West Resistance; Frog Lake killings of 2 April 1885 (nine men killed by men of Big Bear's band under Wandering Spirit). How they were killed: Eight men hanged simultaneously on a single gallows — the largest mass hanging in Canadian history: Kah-paypamahchakwayo (Wandering Spirit), Pahpah-meekee-sick, Manchoose (Bad Arrow), Kit-awwah-ke-ni (Miserable Man), Nahpase (Iron Body), Apischaskoos (Little Bear), Itka (Crooked Leg, Assiniboine), Waywahnitch (Man Without Blood, Assiniboine). Buried together in a common grave near the fort. The account that Battleford Industrial School children were made to watch is carried in the file with its sourcing (earliest located published form Saskatchewan Indian, July 1972) and contemporaneous complications, settled neither way. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: canada-plains-starvation.md §7. | Documented (schoolchildren account neither settled nor refused, as filed) |
| 1885–1908 (Congo Free State) | Peoples of the Congo basin (Mongo, Kuba, Luba, Kongo and hundreds of others attested) | Where: Congo Free State (personal property of Leopold II, King of the Belgians) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Leopold II's private estate (1885–1908, recognised at Berlin 1884–85); the rubber quota system enforced by concession companies (ABIR, Société Anversoise and others) and the Force Publique; in 1908 Belgium annexed the territory, ending the king's personal rule, after the Casement report (1904) and Leopold's own Commission of Enquiry (1904–05) confirmed the atrocity stories How they were killed: Documented enforcement: hostage houses (women and children held, in attested cases starved or killed), flogging with the chicotte, punitive expeditions that burned villages and killed inhabitants, and mutilation (hands cut, including from the living and from children, to balance cartridge accounts); the demographic toll is Debated — ~10 million population decline is Adam Hochschild's 1998 estimate (an estimate of decline — deaths from killing, disease, famine and flight plus births that never occurred — not a count of people killed), with Vansina's later withdrawal of its extrapolation, published estimates ranging ~1.2–1.5 million through 5–10 million (Ndaywel è Nziem), Casement's contemporary ~3 million, and an earlier 13 million revised by its author toward 10 million; no census before 1924 (~10 million), so no total is constructed Outcome: Peoples standing — no Congolese people is filed Class A, B or C on this pass; the Kuba stand as a living kingdom and people after a ~25% fall 1900–1919 (Vansina's revision) Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §2. | Debated / Claim (genocide classification); the regime is filed as a documented system of mass atrocity with a contested demographic toll |
| 1889 — De Beers Consolidated Mines, controlled by Cecil Rhodes, sole diamond producer by 1889; the BSAC's royal charter issued 29 October 1889. | Black migrant workers at Kimberley and on the Witwatersrand (gold found 1886), recruited across the subcontinent; and the peoples of the territory that became the Rhodesias, including the Ndebele under Lobengula, whose Rudd Concession (1888) he repudiated.. | Where: Kimberley and the Rand, in South Africa, with workers' families remaining in the rural areas and neighbouring territories; the BSAC's territory became present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia. How they lived: Mine workers housed for their contract term in closed compounds (from the mid-1880s at Kimberley), under pass laws, on a single man's wage set on the assumption that the family subsisted on the land. The war or conquest — and who did it: No single war in this entry — the instruments were company consolidation, the compound and pass system, and a royal charter granting a company treaty-making, law, police and concession powers. How they were killed: Not a killing entry in the dossiers' record — no toll is carried for 1889; deaths under the compound and charter regimes are OWED in these dossiers. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/resource_theft/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, Cases 3–4 [BRITANNICA; THOMPSON; CHARTERED COMPANIES synthesis; ROTBERG]. | DOCUMENTED |
| 1895 — the mission to Britain, in the season before the Jameson Raid. | the Tswana chiefdoms of the Bechuanaland Protectorate — Ngwato, Kwena, Ngwaketse and their neighbours — represented by their dikgosi (chiefs).. | Where: The eastern and southern chiefdoms of modern Botswana, under British protection since 1885 with internal rule retained. How they lived: Cattle-keeping states governed through the kgotla, the public assembly, with mission literacy and trade connections to the Cape. The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a killing entry — a transfer averted. The British government moved to hand the protectorate to Cecil Rhodes's British South Africa Company (chartered 1889, the AFTER entry above); the three dikgosi travelled to London, campaigned publicly and petitioned against the transfer. How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no deaths attach to this entry; it records a conquest that did not happen. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/botswana/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| the hoax runs 1885–1897; the confession 19 April 1897. | no people — a fabrication, and its confession | Where: Paris. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a hoax: Léo Taxil (Gabriel Jogand-Pagès) feeds Catholic anti-Masonry a supreme satanic rite, the Palladium, and a converted high priestess, his invented “Diana Vaughan”; he receives a papal audience and the Church's blessing for the campaign; then, before an invited audience at the Société de Géographie, he confesses the whole twelve years a hoax — the confession printed entire in Le Frondeur, 25 April 1897. How they were killed: — Outcome: the fabricated material circulates as evidence in the claim's literature to this day. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.4; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED — including the confession. |
| 29 December 1890 | Miniconjou Lakota — band of Spotted Elk (Big Foot) | Where: Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota How they lived: Tiospaye (extended family band); communal bison hunting, tipi encampments moved seasonally, trade (knowledge/lakota-dakota.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: US 7th Cavalry (~500 troops, four Hotchkiss guns) attempted to disarm the band after it had surrendered and camped under guard; after a shot during disarmament (accounts differ on origin), soldiers fired into the camp and pursued fleeing people for miles. Twenty Medals of Honor awarded; Congress expressed "deep regret" on the centennial, 1990. How they were killed: More than 250 killed and 51 wounded in the standard encyclopaedic summary, some estimates as high as 300; NPS-circulated range ~250–300, some accounts 200–350. Mostly women, children and elderly; Spotted Elk among the dead. Twenty-five soldiers died, some by friendly fire. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: massacres-and-removals.md §4. | Documented (range as filed) |
| Second Franco-Dahomean War 1892–94 (first war 1890); Abomey fired 17 November 1892; Béhanzin surrendered January 1894. | the Fon kingdom of Dahomey under King Béhanzin, its army including the Agojie women soldiers.. | Where: Abomey and the southern plateau and coast of modern Benin. How they lived: A centralised palace state with royal monopolies, the Annual Customs, and palaces recording each reign in bas-relief. The war or conquest — and who did it: France — General Dodds's column advancing from the coast; Dahomey fought a campaign of ambush and set battle, Agojie units at the front in the French record itself. How they were killed: Dahomean dead were counted by no one whose records survive to a figure — OWED. What is documented: Béhanzin ordered his capital's palaces fired rather than surrendered, and French troops looted the royal treasuries that remained. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/benin/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §6. | DOCUMENTED (toll OWED). |
| 1896 (nadir census) | Māori | Where: Aotearoa New Zealand How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — recovery to 887,493 (Māori ethnic group, Census 2023), 978,246 of Māori descent; te reo Māori 213,849 speakers in 2023 and rising; the "dying race" pronouncements (Featherston 1856; Newman 1881) are filed as period ideology falsified by the census line Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §§2.3–2.4. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact — census figures) |
| February 1897 (the British "punitive expedition"; the Phillips expedition it answered was attacked in January 1897) | the Edo people of the Kingdom of Benin. | Where: Benin City, in the forest region of modern southern Nigeria — ruled by the Oba, renowned for cast brass and bronze plaques, heads and sculpture produced by royal guilds How they lived: A kingdom with its court, guilds and sacred ceremonies — the Oba had asked the January expedition to delay during those ceremonies The war or conquest — and who did it: Britain — after most of the Phillips expedition was killed en route, British forces captured and burned Benin City, exiled Oba Ovonramwen to Calabar, and removed the palace's bronzes, ivories and regalia in large numbers, many sold to defray the expedition's costs How they were killed: OWED at a figure — the dossier records the January expedition's deaths ("most of its members were killed") and the city's capture and burning, but gives no Benin casualty figure, and none is printed here. The objects taken are a sourced range: roughly 3,000 to 5,000 in total; an exact total is NOT VERIFIED (dossier NV-5) Outcome: OWED Record: Africa continental dossier §4.3 and Conflict C-3; class page /class-africa-continent-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED (the object count carried as its sourced range). |
| 1897 (Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act, Queensland) | Aboriginal people of Queensland | Where: Queensland, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The 1897 Act empowered the Chief Protector to remove Aboriginal people onto and between reserves and to hold children in dormitories; the Director (successor office) was legal guardian of all Aboriginal children, whether or not their parents were living, until 1965; reserve life under the Act controlled marriage, work, movement and money — a total-administration regime, per the file; the Act was the model imitated by South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples standing; no census line Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §4. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact) |
| Decree of 28 March 1899 — about forty concession companies, each granted exclusive exploitation for thirty years; concessions ranged from about 1,200 km² to about 140,000 km²; the state retained 15% of company profits. | the peoples of the French Congo, under concession-company rule.. | Where: The French Congo, parcelled among the companies on maps so approximate that the colony's own extent was not precisely known. How they lived: Under an extraction regime of ivory, rubber and timber, frequently by coerced labour on the Free State pattern; development obligations in the contracts were largely unmet, and only about ten companies are recorded as profitable. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war in this entry — the instrument was a French government decree granting concession companies the territory. How they were killed: OWED as a toll — the dossiers document the regime's abuses (France's own 1905 scandal: the Gaud–Toqué affair and the Brazza inspection mission) and carry no death total for the French Congo concessions. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/resource_theft/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md, Case 4, §4.3 [COQUERY-VIDROVITCH; BERENSON; FRENCH CONGO syntheses]. | DOCUMENTED |
| 1899–1902 (Philippine–American War; Moro campaigns to 1913 in the same war record) | Filipino population as a whole (filed as a war toll, not an Indigenous extinction register) | Where: Philippines How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Philippine–American War — reconcentration camps, scorched-earth campaigns and torture (the "water cure") are documented in the war's own records, including US Senate hearings How they were killed: Over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants killed; "as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease" (US State Department, Office of the Historian); higher estimates contested — cholera 1902 alone put at 150,000–200,000, some estimates reach 600,000 (Bell figure for Luzon, disputed by Gates, whose census-based maximum for war-related deaths 1898–1903 is 321,000) and some reach 1,000,000 Outcome: Not an extinction register — filed as a colonial war's civilian toll, in no census class; the Aeta peoples separately stand as living peoples under land pressure Record: asia-and-the-north.md §5; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §5. | Claim/Debated ("genocide" characterisation; no official body has entered a genocide finding) |
ERA 6 — 1900–1945
The new century opens with the word not yet coined: an extermination order in writing in 1904, Maji Maji's scorched-earth famine, the Congo terror's tail, the Putumayo exposed by its own witnesses. La Matanza falls in 1932. The schools stand at their peak — Canada's system at eighty schools in 1931 — while the last known speakers of ended peoples die in California, in Tierra del Fuego, and in the Andamans.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| AD 1900 — publication of Myths of the Cherokee (Bureau of American Ethnology), carrying "The Deluge" as myth 14, taken down from Cherokee tellers in the years before. The telling itself is TRADITION — the Cherokee people's own account, at its published record. | The Cherokee — the telling's own nation, named as such; its teller explained the flood within it as an upheaval and tilting of the earth. | Where: The Cherokee country of the southern Appalachians — the record was taken among the Eastern Band in North Carolina and the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory. How they lived: A farming, town-dwelling people of the mountain Southeast, keepers of a large body of animal and origin traditions, of which the Deluge stands among the first told. The war or conquest — and who did it: None inside the telling — the water comes as a "great freshet," foretold by the dog. The telling was recorded in the generation after Removal; that history stands in the Chronology's own Cherokee entries and is not repeated here. How they were killed: In the telling: by the rising water — it rained until the mountains were covered and all the people in the world were drowned, except the man and his family on the raft; afterward, the valley was found full of the bones of the drowned, where the ghosts had been dancing. Outcome: The Cherokee flood stands in print in the people's own telling — a raft instead of an ark, a dog instead of a voice from heaven, and the sign of the warning worn into the dog's neck — preserved as one of the Indigenous flood traditions of North America at its published record. Record: THE_FLOOD_TRADITIONS_OF_THE_NATIONS_2026-10-28.md, §11.2. | TRADITION — carried at the published ethnographic record. |
| 1900 (census) | American Indians (United States) | Where: United States How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Nadir count, not a death count: 237,196 counted, 1900 (248,253 in 1890) — US Census enumerations, documentary. Thornton's series: more than 5 million (1492) → ~600,000 (1800) → ~250,000 by the last decade of the 19th century, "some 4 to 5 percent of its former size." Outcome: not classed in the record — peoples grew back from the nadirs (see 2020 entry) Record: missing-generations.md §1.3. | Documented (enumeration) |
| c. 1900–1911 (deaths); regime exposed 1907–1913 (see also 1903) | Huitoto (Witoto/Murui), Bora, Andoke (Andoque), Ocaina, Nonuya, Muinane, Resígaro and neighbouring peoples | Where: Putumayo district — between the Putumayo and Caquetá rivers (Igara Paraná, Cara Paraná), territory disputed between Peru and Colombia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Peruvian Amazon Company (registered in London 26 September 1907; directing force Julio César Arana, Casa Arana) — debt-slavery (habilitación), rubber quotas (fabrico) enforced by flogging, the cepo (stocks), mutilation and killing, correrías (armed raiding parties hunting people for labour), and deliberate starvation by crop destruction. Documented by Hardenburg [PRIMARY WITNESS/compiler of depositions], Casement's official report (17 March 1911; Blue Book, 1912) and Judge Rómulo Paredes's Peruvian judicial investigation (1911). Company liquidated 1913; more than 200 arrest warrants annulled; Arana never tried. How they were killed: Casement's arithmetic — the documented figure for this record: approximately 30,000 deaths in 1900–1911, against approximately 4,000 tons of rubber exported, built from a consular estimate of 50,000 people in the district in 1907 against 7,000–10,000 remaining a few years later, printed with Casement's own caveat. Later summaries run as high as 40,000 — carried ONLY as the attributed upper end of the range, never as Casement's and never as a count. Figures to 100,000+ are NOT carried. Outcome: the people standing — Witoto (Murui), Bora, Andoke, Ocaina and neighbouring peoples are living peoples in Peru and Colombia, reduced; the file is a mechanism/regional entry, NOT an extermination account Record: putumayo.md §1–§2, §5–§6. | Documented (headline figure an investigator's estimate, caveat as filed) |
| 20th century (disappeared in the 20th century) | Oroha | Where: South Malaita, Solomon Islands How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a separate speech community; descendants stand inside the Saʻa-speaking community of south Malaita Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §9.2; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part II §3.1. | Class B |
| September 1903 (see also 1900) | Ocaina | Where: La Chorrera station, Igara Paraná, Putumayo district How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Peruvian Amazon Company station regime — Ocaina workers who had failed the rubber weight were flogged, burned and shot How they were killed: Figures conflict between depositions and are printed as a range: 25 killed (Valcárcel investigation), 30 (US State Department report), 40 (eyewitness Daniel Collantes) — range for this record 25–40. (File also carries Último Retiro depositions: 150 killed at a summoned gathering — a deposition figure, carried as such; date not given in file — OWED.) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: putumayo.md §2. | Documented (deposition range, as filed) |
| 1904–1908 (war and camps); extermination order 2 October 1904, rescinded 9 December 1904; camps closed 1908 | Herero (Ovaherero) and Nama | Where: German South-West Africa (Namibia) How they lived: Herero cattle economy and land base (destroyed 1904–1908, per the file) The war or conquest — and who did it: German South-West Africa (proclaimed 1884); Herero rising January 1904 under Samuel Maharero against settler encroachment, land and cattle seizure and credit-system abuses; Lt. Gen. Lothar von Trotha rejected negotiation, defeated the Herero at the Waterberg (Ohamakari) 11–12 August 1904 (some 3,000–5,000 Herero fighters killed in commonly cited battle estimates), and German patrols sealed the Omaheke waterholes; on 2 October 1904 von Trotha issued the Vernichtungsbefehl: "Within the German boundaries, every Herero, whether found armed or unarmed, with or without cattle, will be shot. I shall not accept any more women and children."; the Nama rose in October 1904 (Hendrik Witbooi, killed October 1905; Jakob Morenga), guerrilla war into 1907–08 — no separate written extermination order to the Nama at the Herero order's level was located in the pass (owed) How they were killed: Herero died of thirst on the Omaheke crossing (waterholes guarded or, in attested accounts, poisoned); from late 1904 a concentration-camp system (Windhoek, Okahandja, Karibib, Swakopmund, Lüderitz and elsewhere) with forced labour — more than half of all prisoners died within the first year (Britannica), and up to 80 percent of prisoners on Shark Island died there; Herero and Nama land and cattle confiscated wholesale; death figures are scholarly estimates (Debated as figures): ~65,000 Herero dead and ~10,000 Nama dead are the commonly cited estimates (roughly 80% of the Herero and 50% of the Nama population), with a combined 65,000 to 85,000 in German development-press summary and activist/some scholarly accounts reaching ~100,000 combined — no settled total constructed Outcome: Peoples standing — a genocide survived, filed in no census class; Ovaherero are one of Namibia's largest peoples, Otjiherero a living national language; Nama stand as a living people, Khoekhoegowab a living language (see 2021 recognition entry) Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §1; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A4 (guard cases). | Documented (genocide classification — by Germany's own 2021 official wording, at its exact hedged weight; see 2021 entry) |
| 1905–1907 (rising July 1905; fighting ended 1907) | Peoples of southern German East Africa (Matumbi, Ngindo, Yao, Ngoni, Pogoro and others) | Where: Tanzania (German East Africa) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Forced communal cotton scheme under coercive quotas; the Maji Maji rising (the maji medicine of the prophet Kinjekitile Ngwale); Governor von Götzen's answer was a war of starvation — columns burned villages, crops and food stores ("Only hunger and want can bring about a final submission") How they were killed: At Mahenge (August 1905) thousands of fighters were killed in mass charging a station held with machine guns; executions of leaders followed (dozens of Ngoni leaders, including Chief Songea's party, executed at Songea in February 1906 — 66 in the commonly cited count, 67 in some accounts, printed as found); the famine (Great Hunger, ukame) outlasted the fighting; deaths 75,000 to 300,000 in the standard published range, overwhelmingly from famine, with disease and violence (range printed with its width) Outcome: Peoples standing — Matumbi, Ngoni, Yao and neighbours stand today; no census line; in November 2023 President Steinmeier of Germany, at Songea, asked Tanzania's forgiveness for the colonial massacres (an apology, at that weight) Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §7. | Debated (genocide classification — some scholars describe the scorched-earth strategy as genocidal; no official finding) |
| By 1908 (Siraya last recorded regular use dated 1908; language fell out of regular use by the early 1900s) | Siraya (Pingpu / plains peoples) | Where: Taiwan (western plains) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Dutch colonisation 1624–1662, then Qing rule from 1683 and mass Han settlement; Chinese surnames and schooling imposed from the 1730s in the Siraya case; languages displaced by Hokkien, then Japanese (1895–1945) and Mandarin How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — identity maintained inside families; from 2002 the language, reconstructed from the Dutch-era Sinckan manuscripts, has been taught again; Siraya recognised 30 July 2026 (see 2026 entry); filed in the census's grouped Pingpu Class B line, outside the count Record: asia-and-the-north.md §3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §3. | Class B (grouped line, outside the count, for the ended separate polity / first-language transmission) |
| c. 1910–1970 (period of forcible removal, per the Inquiry) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and families (Stolen Generations) | Where: Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The missions/protection regimes (see 1883 and 1897 entries) — forcible removal of children from families and communities under state protection law How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples and families standing; the Inquiry's legal conclusion was systematic racial discrimination and genocide as defined by international law — classed as the Inquiry's conclusion, not a court judgment (see 1997 / 2008 entries in the Australia sequence: 1967, 1992, 2008 are filed at their dates) Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §§4.1, 7. | Documented as the Inquiry's conclusion (Bringing Them Home, 1997, on child removal — per australia file §7 table) |
| 1910–1914 (Gross Duala plan from 1910); Manga Bell and Ngoso Din tried 7 August 1914, hanged 8 August 1914 | Duala | Where: Kamerun estuary / Douala, Cameroon (German Kamerun, 1884–1916) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: German rule — concession companies, forced labour, punitive expeditions (whole villages and populations decimated in the textbook-critique literature's examples: Hickory Town 1884–85, Buea 1894); from 1910 the "Gross Duala" plan expropriated Duala riverfront land for a European quarter and removed the Duala inland (compensation in attested cases at a fraction, at times a hundredth, of property value); Rudolf Duala Manga Bell resisted by law (petitions, a Reichstag envoy, a budget-commission freeze 1913–14, reversed by Berlin), was arrested when coordinating wider resistance, tried for high treason and hanged with Ngoso Din How they were killed: No colony-wide death total at scholarly standard was located in the pass, and none is constructed; Manga Bell and Ngoso Din hanged 8 August 1914 Outcome: People standing — the Duala stand as a living people of Douala; Manga Bell is a national hero of resistance in Cameroon; no census line Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §8. | Claim / Debated (genocide classification for Cameroon — textbook-critique literature states the atrocities "amount to mass murder and genocide"; no official finding) |
| 1910s (last fluent ǀXam speakers died in the 1910s); Dorothea Bleek search 1910–11 | ǀXam | Where: Northern Cape, South Africa How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The commando-and-farm-labour regime (see 1700 entry); the people were documented in the 1870s–80s by Bleek and Lloyd from ǀXam prisoners at Cape Town's Breakwater Prison (the Bleek–Lloyd archive) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a community; descendants continue inside the Northern Cape's Coloured and Nama-adjacent communities; a 2025 account calls ǀXam a "sleeping" language — the wording is printed on the line, with no surviving ǀXam polity holding the sleeping line, so the filing stays B Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2. | Class B |
| AD 1912 (with his first edition of 1893 and his Ethiopic text and translation of 1906 behind it; a date of 1917 sometimes attached to his Enoch was not verified against any edition record and is not carried) | R. H. Charles, scholar and translator | Where: England How they lived: Owed in this record at entry level The war or conquest — and who did it: None attaches to this entry How they were killed: Not applicable — no killing attaches to this entry Outcome: The standard English Enoch of the twentieth century stands — the translation base, in the fullness of time, of the Sacred Name Collection's own Enoch master Record: THE_WATCHERS_IN_THE_TEXTS_2026-10-28.md, §6, §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1913 (Natives Land Act) | African peoples of South Africa | Where: Union of South Africa How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Dispossession by statute — the Natives Land Act 1913 reserved ~7% of the country's land (the "scheduled native areas"; later raised to ~13%) for African ownership and occupation and made purchase or lease outside them unlawful; Sol Plaatje's Native Life in South Africa (1916) is the contemporary account of its evictions How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples standing; no census line Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §5.4. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact) |
| Recruited from 1916; in British service c. 96,000 strong at the Armistice (11 November 1918); battlefield clearance work continued after it. | Chinese labourers — c. 140,000 recruited for the Allied war in Europe, c. 96,000 in British service and c. 37,000–40,000 in French service, with smaller contingents working for Russia.. | Where: China; they worked behind the fronts in France and Flanders — ports, roads, railways, factories and tank workshops. How they lived: OWED. The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a combatant force: the labourers were the Chinese state's war contribution — China declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary on 14 August 1917 and sent no combat army to Europe. After the Armistice they cleared battlefields, including exhuming and burying the dead. How they were killed: Not a killing entry as such — labour deaths in service: c. 2,000 died in British service (Commonwealth War Graves records); how the deaths divide by cause is OWED in the record behind this entry. Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md (world_war_i), §§1, 6.4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1914–1918 — Indian troops in France from October 1914; the war's theatres to 1918. | Indian soldiers and labourers — 1.3–1.5 million served at home and overseas in the modern syntheses (over 800,000 combatant and more than 400,000 non-combatant recruits in the Indian official accounting), over 1 million of them overseas.. | Where: India; they served in France and Flanders, at Gallipoli, in East Africa, Egypt and Palestine, and above all in Mesopotamia, where the army was predominantly Indian. How they lived: OWED. The war or conquest — and who did it: Volunteers of the Indian Army in the Allied war — among the first troops to hold the Ypres line in 1914, and the predominant force in the Mesopotamia campaign, including the force surrendered at Kut al-Amara (29 April 1916), whose prisoners died in large proportion in captivity and on the marches, the Indian rank and file worst. How they were killed: In battle, of wounds and disease, and in captivity: the dead stand as a shown counting conflict — c. 62,000 in one widely used accounting, 74,187 in the Indian official / CWGC-based accounting — printed as the sourced range 62,000–74,187, not chosen between. Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md (world_war_i), §§4.2, 6.2. | DOCUMENTED — the death figure a shown conflict, printed as a range. |
| August 1914 – 25 November 1918 (the campaign outlasted the European Armistice by a fortnight). | African carriers conscripted for the Allied carrier systems of East and Central Africa — c. 1,000,000 conscripted for the British system alone by 1917 (Paice) — of whom 45,000 of the porter dead were Kenyan (Paice).. | Where: British East Africa, German East Africa, the Congo, Mozambique and Northern Rhodesia — the country of the campaign. How they lived: OWED — the record behind this entry holds their conscription and service, not their lives before it. The war or conquest — and who did it: The East African campaign of the First World War: British, South African, Indian, Belgian and Portuguese forces against the German colonial force under Lettow-Vorbeck, in country where tsetse and the absence of roads made human carrying the armies' transport system; recruitment ran under colonial conscription systems. How they were killed: They died in service in the carrier corps — of disease, hunger, exhaustion and the campaign's conditions (the record's own terms): c. 90,000 African porters dead (Strachan's estimate) to c. 95,000 (Paice), with c. 20 per cent mortality in the British Carrier Corps; the Belgian official record lists 2,620 Force Publique soldiers and excludes 15,650 porter deaths recorded separately. German-side carrier deaths were not counted at the time and are NOT VERIFIED — owed, not filled. Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md (world_war_i), §§5.4, 6.1, 14 items 2–3. | DOCUMENTED — figures as the named historians' estimates; the German-side total NOT VERIFIED. |
| 1915–1917 — the arrests of 24 April 1915, the Temporary Law of Deportation of 27 May 1915, the Allied Joint Declaration of 24 May 1915, and the deportations and massacres through 1916 and after. | the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire — an ancient Christian people of eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus borderlands and Cilicia, with large communities in Constantinople and the western cities (c. 2.1 million pre-war in the Armenian Patriarchate statistics).. | Where: Eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus borderlands and Cilicia, and the Ottoman cities. How they lived: OWED in part — the record behind this entry holds their standing as a people of the land for millennia and their communities and institutions, not a full account of their life. The war or conquest — and who did it: Genocide by the Ottoman government of the Committee of Union and Progress: Armenian soldiers disarmed and murdered in labour battalions, community leaders arrested and deported, and the population deported toward the Syrian desert (Deir ez-Zor) under the 1915 deportation and property laws, with massacres by the Special Organization, gendarmes and local actors — documented in Ottoman, German, Austro-Hungarian, American and missionary records, including the perpetrator state's own allies' reporting of exterminatory intent. How they were killed: By direct killing, and by starvation, thirst and disease on the marches and in the desert camps: 800,000–1,200,000 deported; dead around 1,000,000 within a published scholarly range of c. 600,000 to 1,500,000 (a sourced range with its centre, not a settled figure). Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md (world_war_i), §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 28 June 1914 (the Sarajevo assassination, the trigger) through the July Crisis to general war from late July–August 1914; the Armistice of Compiègne effective 11:00 a.m., 11 November 1918; the last German force in Africa surrendered 25 November 1918. | the peoples of all the belligerents — some 65–70 million men mobilised across all armies (the range across the standard syntheses), and the civilian peoples of Europe, Africa, western Asia and the colonial world the war drew in.. | Where: Europe, Africa, and the Ottoman lands, and at sea worldwide; the war was fought on land in Europe, Africa and western Asia. How they lived: OWED — the record behind this entry holds the war, not a general account of how these peoples lived before it. The war or conquest — and who did it: A general war of the alliance powers — Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire against France, Russia, Britain and its Empire, and their allies, joined by the United States in 1917 — triggered at Sarajevo and made by the documented choices of the July Crisis; responsibility is DEBATED in the scholarship (Clark's distributed account against the Fischer tradition's Germany-centred account) and is not settled here. How they were killed: In battle, of disease and wounds in service and captivity, and as civilians by killing, famine, blockade and deportation: military deaths 9–11 million, civilian deaths 6–13 million, total deaths 15–22 million — sourced ranges, construction-dependent, with influenza carried separately (see the 1918–1919 entry). Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md (world_war_i), §§1–3, 6, 10–11. | DOCUMENTED — figures as attributed sourced ranges; responsibility DEBATED as shown. |
| 29 August 1911 (emergence); 25 March 1916 (death) | Yahi | Where: Oroville, California; then the University of California's Museum of Anthropology, San Francisco How they lived: What survives in the file: 148 wax-cylinder recordings (5 hours 41 minutes) of Ishi speaking, singing and telling stories in Yahi, made with Waterman and Kroeber, and Sapir's 1915 linguistic record The war or conquest — and who did it: Massacre and bounty-era violence following the 1849 California Gold Rush — the Three Knolls Massacre (1865) and repeated killings by settlers and cattlemen How they were killed: On 29 August 1911 Ishi emerged alone near Oroville — the last known Yahi in the file. He lived at the museum from September 1911 and died of tuberculosis on 25 March 1916 — a man without immunity to common diseases, in the institution that housed him, in the file's words Outcome: Census Class A — the record's own correction stands on this line in the file, as the Census carries it: at the 2000 repatriation of his remains, Smithsonian director Robert Fri stated that "Ishi was not the last of his kind" — Yana relatives and descendants survive in northern California; what ended in 1916 was the Yahi nation and its dialect as a living community Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.11; yahi.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.1; peoples-register.md (Yahi line). | Documented; Class A (census §2.1, carried by reference); yahi.md status Extinct; peoples-register status EXTINCT |
| 1918 (Talune arrived Apia 7 November 1918; epidemic within seven days) | Samoans | Where: Western Samoa (New Zealand-administered) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: New Zealand administration (occupation from 1914); the steamer Talune was admitted without quarantine though other Pacific ports were quarantining; American Samoa, under strict quarantine fifty miles away, recorded no influenza deaths How they were killed: Of a population of about 38,000, over 7,500 died — some 22% (official New Zealand investigation figures); later and community accounts give ~8,500 dead, and mortality estimates run 22–25% (band printed, not a point); 24 of the 30 members of the Fono o Faipule died; the Royal Commission found there had been no epidemic before the Talune's arrival and that the authorities had contributed to what followed Outcome: People standing — an independent Samoan state (1962), a living language, a worldwide people; no census class (see 2002 apology entry) Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §6.1. | not classed in the record (official inquiry finding of administrative failure; not a genocide finding) |
| 13 April 1919. | the people of Amritsar and the Punjab, India — an unarmed crowd, many of them villagers in the city for the Baisakhi fair, gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh.. | Where: Amritsar, Punjab, British India. How they lived: OWED at entry level — the record meets them in the garden; India's own history of the gathering stands in the interwar research file. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a colonial government's crowd control under the Rowlatt Acts' emergency regime: troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer entered the walled garden, whose exits were few, and fired on the crowd without warning until their ammunition ran low. How they were killed: By rifle fire in an enclosed space. The two counts stand unreconciled, each labelled: the British official (Hunter Committee) count, 379 dead; the Indian National Congress's own inquiry, c. 1,000 dead. India's count is printed beside the government's, and neither is averaged. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §2. | DOCUMENTED (the event and its sequence); the toll carried in two labelled counts, unreconciled. |
| 1919–1923 — Versailles signed 28 June 1919; mandates allocated at San Remo, April 1920, and confirmed by the League thereafter; Lausanne, the last settlement treaty, 24 July 1923. | the peoples of Germany's former colonies and of the Ottoman Empire's Arab provinces — in Palestine, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Tanganyika, Togoland, Kamerun, Rwanda-Urundi, South West Africa and the Pacific islands — and the peoples of the redrawn Europe.. | Where: Their own lands, on four continents. How they lived: OWED at entry level — the record of the settlement takes them up as populations under new administrations, not in their daily life. The war or conquest — and who did it: No new war — the First World War's settlement, written by the victorious powers at Paris and San Remo. Under Article 22 of the League Covenant the taken territories became mandates administered by Britain, France, Belgium, South Africa, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. The record's undisputed operational fact: no mandate territory's people were consulted on their mandatory or their borders; the American King–Crane Commission (1919), which did consult Syrian opinion, saw its report shelved until 1922, after the allocations were made. How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a settlement entry. Its killing sequelae stand at their own dates in this chronology (Cyrenaica 1923–1932; Ethiopia 1935–1941; the Arab Revolt's suppression is OWED a reconciled toll in the interwar research file). Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §1; WWI dossier §12.3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Spring 1918 to spring 1919, in three waves (CDC). | the peoples of the whole world — an estimated 500 million infected, about one-third of the world's population — with the heaviest tolls in India and sub-Saharan Africa and among the war's own carrier, labour and troop populations; Samoa's toll stands in this Chronology's own 1918 Samoans entry and is not repeated here.. | Where: Worldwide, moving along the war's troop, shipping and labour routes. How they lived: OWED. The war or conquest — and who did it: No army did this: the pandemic (H1N1) travelled the war's movement systems, and war censorship suppressed reporting in the belligerent press while neutral Spain's open reporting fixed the misleading name "Spanish flu" to a pandemic that did not begin in Spain; its geographic origin remains unsettled in the scholarship and is not asserted. How they were killed: By influenza, killing disproportionately among healthy adults aged 20–40: the toll stands as a scholarly range — c. 17–18 million in the lowest modern reconstruction, "at least 50 million" in the CDC's standard statement, 50–100 million in Johnson & Mueller's accounting; India alone c. 12–18 million in the demographic literature, sub-Saharan Africa c. 1.5–2 million in the estimates carried. Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md (world_war_i), §12.5. | DOCUMENTED — as an attributed range with the CDC's position named inside it. |
| 1920 — Khiva in February, Bukhara in September. | the peoples of the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva — Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens, Karakalpaks and their neighbours. | Where: the Zeravshan and Khwarezm oases of Central Asia — Bukhara, Samarkand, Khiva — cities of the khanates for four centuries. How they lived: as literate, coin-striking, chronicle-writing states under Russian protectorates since 1868 and 1873; photographed in colour in their last decade — the Emir Alim Khan on his throne in 1911. The war or conquest — and who did it: the Red Army took both states in 1920, Khiva by coup and assault, Bukhara by assault after the Emir's flight; both were replaced by Soviet people's republics and dissolved into the Soviet national delimitation by 1924. How they were killed: in the assaults and the fighting and repression that followed, uncounted in the record carried here; the last Emir died in exile in Kabul in 1944. Outcome: the political story of the steppe world closed in 1920 — within living memory, photographed, administered and archived. States that ended in 1920 with their flags, coinage and court records intact were not erased in 1800. The peoples did not close with the states: they stand today. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§2.5, 3.3(c); THE_STEPPE_WORLD_2026-10-28.md, §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1919–1923 — Versailles 28 June 1919; Saint-Germain 1919; Neuilly 1919; Trianon 4 June 1920; Sèvres 10 August 1920, never ratified; mandate allocations from San Remo, April 1920, and the administrative acts of 1920–1926; Lausanne 24 July 1923 with the population-exchange convention. | the peoples of the defeated empires and of the mandated territories — and, as subjects of their own record, the peoples who made their own states in these years: Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Czechoslovaks, and the Irish.. | Where: Europe, the Ottoman Arab provinces, and Germany's former colonies in Africa and the Pacific. How they lived: OWED. The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a war but a settlement imposed by the victors: treaty terms presented, not negotiated, to Germany and the other defeated states; Germany's colonies and the Ottoman Arab provinces distributed as League of Nations mandates under Article 22 — with no mandate territory's people consulted on their mandatory or their borders (the King–Crane Commission, which did consult Syrian opinion, was shelved until 1922). How they were killed: Not a killing entry in the main — the settlements' violence was displacement: under the 1923 Greco-Turkish population exchange convention, c. 1.2 million Orthodox Christians were expelled from Turkey and c. 350,000–400,000 Muslims from Greece (League of Nations figures), compulsory and religion-defined in the convention's own text. Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md (world_war_i), §§12.1–12.4, 14 item 14. | DOCUMENTED — the mandate characterisations (annexation in League dress; a supervised tutelage) carried attributed on both sides. |
| 1920 | First Nations, Inuit and Métis children (Canada) (see also 1831) | Where: Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Amendment to the Indian Act (1920) made attendance at residential school compulsory for Indigenous children aged 7–15; parents who refused or concealed a child faced imprisonment How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools-chronology-as-evidence.md §2. | Documented |
| c. 1920; and the 1920s | Haush | Where: The Mitre Peninsula, Tierra del Fuego; survivors congregated around Lake Fagnano How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: A measles epidemic in the 1920s was, in the file's account, the final blow for the merged Haush/Selk'nam survivors around Lake Fagnano. Furlong's estimates are internally inconsistent in the file (~100 early in the 19th century in one place, 200–300 in 1836 in another, ~100 by 1891 and fewer than ten by 1912) and are carried as a flagged thin spot, not a series. No named "last Haush speaker" is recorded in the sources consulted in the file Outcome: Census Class A — Adelaar & Muysken date the last speaker's death to c. 1920, unnamed; Glottolog lists the language as extinct. The Census files the Haush Class A on the three-missing test — no Haush community, no speaker, no practice community stands — with survival by ancestry and absorption printed on the face of the account in the file: in 1980 two people of Haush ancestry were still living on the island, Luis Garibaldi Honte and Enriqueta de Santin, alongside four Selk'nam descendants (names as the file gives them) Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.18. | Documented |
| By 1921 (tribe extinct by 1921) | Aka-Kol | Where: Middle Andaman (south-east), Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Extinct — no Kol community stands; language and culture missing Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.1. | Class A |
| World Revolution 1921; Secret Societies and Subversive Movements 1924. | no people — two books, and the template renewed | Where: London, in print. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a revival: Nesta Helen Webster, working from Barruel, Robison and the published Originalschriften, re-casts the survival thesis for the age of Bolshevism and binds it to a Jewish world-plot; her “Chart of the World Revolution” maps the hidden forces, 18th century to 1920. How they were killed: — Outcome: the 1797 template armed for the century of revolutions. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.5; Annex A. | the books DOCUMENTED; the continuity thesis CLAIM. |
| Convention signed 30 January 1923, alongside the Lausanne settlement (treaty 24 July 1923); the transfers executed 1923 onward. | the Orthodox Christians of Turkey (in Anatolia and eastern Thrace) and the Muslims of Greece.. | Where: Anatolia and eastern Thrace; Macedonia, Epirus, Crete and the wider Greek state. How they lived: OWED at entry level — farming, trading and urban communities of centuries' standing, taken up by the record at the moment of their removal. The war or conquest — and who did it: No new war at the signing — the settlement of the Greco-Turkish war of 1919–1922, imposed by the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations, agreed by the governments of Turkey and Greece and ratified at Lausanne: a compulsory exchange defined by religion, not by the people's choice. How they were killed: Not a killing entry in the convention's own terms — a deportation entry: c. 1.2 million Orthodox Christians expelled from Turkey and c. 350,000–400,000 Muslims expelled from Greece (League of Nations figures); the deaths of the preceding war and flight are a separate record and are not counted here. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §1; WWI dossier §12.2. | DOCUMENTED (the convention's text and the League's figures). |
| 1923–1932 (campaign from 1923; deportation and camps 1928–1932, wound down by 1933–34) | Cyrenaican Bedouin / Senussi peoples | Where: Cyrenaica, Libya How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Italian reconquest (Riconquista) of Libya under Gen. Badoglio and then Marshal Rodolfo Graziani (from 1930): a barbed-wire barrier to the Egyptian border, wholesale deportation of the Jebel Akhdar population, mass livestock slaughter, wells closed, contact with rebels made a capital offence How they were killed: More than 100,000 people deported — roughly half of Cyrenaica's population — and interned in coastal concentration camps (Suluq/Soluch, El Agheila and others; Soluch alone recorded 20,123); Omar Mukhtar captured 11 September 1931 (15 September in some accounts, printed not settled), hanged at Soluch camp 16 September 1931; death figures contested by an order of magnitude — Arab historians estimate a minimum of ~80,000 Libyan dead, up to one-third of Cyrenaica's population; ~40,000 of the ~100,000 internees dead is the camp-specific figure most often printed; Gentile holds the high figures excessive, deaths in the thousands mainly from disease and starvation; Pappé estimates up to half the Bedouin population perished — the range (thousands to ~80,000+) is printed with its authors, no total constructed; Italian poison-gas use in Libya is Claim, documentation owed Outcome: Peoples standing — the Cyrenaican Bedouin tribes and the Senussi order's people survive as the population of eastern Libya today; no Class A line Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §4. | Debated / Claim (genocide classification — named the "Libyan genocide" by Libyan and some international scholarship; no Italian official recognition under that word located in the pass) |
| June–July 1926 | People of Forrest River / Oombulgurri (East Kimberley) | Where: Western Australia, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: A police-led party of 13 men pursued for six weeks after pastoralist Fred Hay was killed by Lumbia How they were killed: The Wood Royal Commission (1927) concluded 11 people had been murdered and their bodies burned at three sites, with nine more probably sharing the same fate at a fourth (11 found · 20 probable · ~30 mission visitors missing since June 1926 — three different objects, printed separately, never added); two constables were charged, discharged for insufficient evidence, and reinstated; later claims of up to 300 killed are not carried as figures Outcome: owed in the record Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §2.5. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact, per case, at the Commission's level) |
| 1928 (Alberta Act, in force 1928–1972) | People sterilized under Alberta's Sexual Sterilization Act — Indigenous people overrepresented | Where: Alberta, Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act (1928–1972) — provincial Eugenics Board empowered to authorise sterilization of people in, or being discharged from, provincial mental institutions; 1937 amendment removed the consent requirement for many cases How they were killed: 2,834 sterilizations performed under the Alberta Act (1928–1972); the Board considered 4,785 cases and approved ~99% of those presented in the Act's later operation. Indigenous overrepresentation documented: about 6% of cases presented while about 2–3% of the provincial population; ~74% of Indigenous people presented ultimately sterilized vs ~60% of all presented; Indigenous women 6–8% of all Alberta sterilizations 1928–1972 but 25% of sterilizations in 1969–1972. Outcome: not classed in the record (see also 1933) Record: sterilization-and-children.md §2. | Documented |
| August–October 1928 | Warlpiri, Anmatyerre and Kaytetye people | Where: Coniston, Northern Territory, Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Constable George Murray's parties, after dingo trapper Fred Brooks was killed How they were killed: Official Board of Inquiry figure 31 killed (the floor); the scholarly range runs 31 to 70+, with Warlpiri oral tradition holding the number higher (higher range Debated at the figure level); the Board found the shootings justified and no one was charged; commonly described as the last large massacre of the frontier period in the record carried in the file Outcome: People standing — the Warlpiri stand today with a strong living language; a massacre of a living people, not an extermination line Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §2.6. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact, per case) |
| Soon after 1931 (tribe and language ended as separate lines) | A-Pucikwar | Where: Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended in the record; descendants continue — people of partial Pucikwar descent are recorded among the living Great Andamanese, and Pucikwar elements survive inside Present-day Great Andamanese; filed B, not A, on the record's own statement Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.2. | Class B |
| 18 September 1931 (the staged explosion on the South Manchuria Railway near Mukden) through the proclamation of Manchukuo in February–March 1932; the League's Lytton Report followed in October 1932, its adoption in February 1933. | the Chinese people of Manchuria (the Three Eastern Provinces), under the Republic of China.. | Where: Manchuria, north-eastern China — a territory the size of France and Germany combined. How they lived: OWED at entry level — a farming and industrialising region of some 30 million people, taken up by the record at its seizure. The war or conquest — and who did it: Invasion and occupation by Japan's Kwantung Army, acting on a staged railway explosion as pretext and against the stated policy of the Tokyo government, which then ratified the conquest; the puppet state of Manchukuo installed under the former Qing emperor Puyi as figurehead. How they were killed: OWED as a toll in this record — the seizure's battle and pacification deaths are not counted to this record's standard; the conquest itself, its pretext and its puppet instrument are documented. The war this seizure opened — China's war of resistance, full-scale from 7 July 1937 — stands in the Second World War record. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §7.1; WWII dossier §2. | DOCUMENTED (the seizure, the Lytton findings, the withdrawal). |
| By 1931 (extinct by 1931) | Aka-Bea | Where: South Andaman / Rutland side, Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Extinct — people, language and culture missing (with the census's Strait Island mixed-ancestry caveat printed on the Class A lines) Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.1. | Class A |
| 1930s — "soon followed" after 1931 (van Driem's census-based line) | Aka-Kede | Where: Middle Andaman (north), Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Extinct — no Kede community stands; language ended with the tribe (Strait Island caveat as in the Aka-Bea entry) Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.1 (WHEN given there as 1930s). | Class A |
| 1930s — "soon followed" after 1931 | Akar-Bale | Where: Ritchie's Archipelago, Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Extinct — no Bale community stands; language ended with the tribe (Strait Island caveat as in the Aka-Bea entry) Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.1 (WHEN given there as 1930s). | Class A |
| 1931 (system peak) (see also 1831) | First Nations, Inuit and Métis children (Canada) | Where: Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: At the residential school system's height in 1931, 80 schools operated, holding about 17,000 students How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools-chronology-as-evidence.md §2. | Documented |
| Presumed extinct by 1931 (last reported encounter 1907; 1920s expeditions found no sign of habitation) | Jangil | Where: Rutland Island, Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Extinct — no descendant community in the record; language unattested (not one wordlist exists — the thinness is printed on the census line) Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.1. | Class A |
| By 1931 (extinct by 1931) | Oko-Juwoi | Where: Middle Andaman (south-west), Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Extinct — no Juwoi community stands; language and culture missing (Strait Island caveat as in the Aka-Bea entry) Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.1. | Class A |
| January–February 1932 (rising night of 22–23 January; repression from 25 January, roughly two weeks into February) | Pipil (Nahua / Nawat-speaking) | Where: Western departments of El Salvador — Sonsonate, Ahuachapán, parts of La Libertad and Santa Ana; towns incl. Izalco, Nahuizalco, Juayúa, Salcoatitán, Tacuba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Repression by the regime of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez (in power after the 2 December 1931 coup) — army, National Guard, National Police and Guardia Cívica civilian militia — after a poorly armed rising; organised resistance broken by about 25 January. Indigenous leader Feliciano Ama hanged in Izalco's plaza 28 January 1932. Legislative Assembly Directive 121 (11 July 1932) granted "unconditional amnesty" to anyone who committed crimes to "restore order…"; no member of the repression forces was tried. Declared intent was anti-communist (the regime's stated purpose); the scholarship documents Indigenous appearance, dress and Nahuat speech functioning as marks for killing. How they were killed: Scholarly range carried by this record: 10,000 to 30,000 people killed — 30,000 is the upper end of a range, NOT a settled count; no count was made and no nominal roll exists. Gould & Lauria-Santiago place the safely documentable figure toward the lower half; Anderson's encyclopaedia summary gives a spread of about 3,000 to 30,000 with about 10,000 as a reasonable estimate (conflict printed, not settled). The great majority of the dead were Indigenous Pipil (Nahua). Regime figures (police chief Aguirre: no more than 6,000–7,000 "executed") are perpetrator-side figures, labelled as such, not averaged in. Aftermath: public Indigenous identity abandoned under terror for generations — dress, language and cofradías suppressed or driven from view. Outcome: not classed in the record — the people survive; the appearance of near-vanishing in later censuses is documented as terror-driven concealment and state classification, not physical disappearance Record: la-matanza-1932.md §2–§6. | Documented (range; scholarly disagreement printed as filed) |
| 1932–1933 (excess mortality counted across 1932–1934 in the demographic reconstruction). | the people of Soviet Ukraine — overwhelmingly its peasantry — within a wider Soviet famine that also devastated Kazakhstan and parts of Russia.. | Where: Ukraine, in the villages of the black-earth grain belt above all. How they lived: As peasant farmers, collectivised by force from 1929 into collective farms under state grain-procurement quotas. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a state's policy: forced collectivisation and grain requisitions enforced by the Soviet state under Stalin, with blacklisting of villages that missed quotas, confiscation of food, and the closing of Ukraine's borders to the starving in January 1933 in the record the scholarship documents. How they were killed: By starvation. The toll is a demographic reconstruction, carried as one: c. 3.9 million excess deaths in Ukraine, 1932–34 (Ukrainian Institute of Demographic and Social Studies with the University of North Carolina, 2015), with a further c. 600,000 birth deficit counted separately and never added to the dead. Kazakhstan's toll — proportionally the heaviest in the USSR — is NOT VERIFIED at this record's standard and stands owed in the interwar research file. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §5.4, NV-3. | DOCUMENTED (the famine and the reconstructed toll, as a reconstruction); the genocide classification DEBATED. |
| 1933 (British Columbia Act, in force 1933–1973) (see also 1928) | People sterilized under British Columbia's Sexual Sterilization Act — incl. Indigenous people | Where: British Columbia, Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: British Columbia Sexual Sterilization Act (1933–1973) — provincial Eugenics Board authorising sterilization on the same model as Alberta How they were killed: BC Board records were largely destroyed; scholarly estimate approximately 200–400 people sterilized under the BC Act. No exact BC figure can be documented and none is asserted. (File also carries Stote (2015), from federal records: approximately 1,150 Indigenous women within a total of ~1,200 recorded procedures sterilized in federally operated "Indian hospitals," 1966–1976.) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: sterilization-and-children.md §2. | Documented (BC figure an estimate, records destroyed, as filed) |
| 1929–1939, heaviest in 1930–1933. | Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the United States — farm and railroad workers and their families, in California, Texas, the Midwest and beyond.. | Where: The United States, many of them citizens of it by birth. How they lived: As labouring communities of one and two generations' standing in the American Southwest and Midwest. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a Depression-era removal carried out by federal immigration authorities and by state and local officials and employers, through raids, deportation proceedings and organised pressure toward "voluntary" departure. How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a removal entry: no death toll attaches to this record. The count of the removed is the scholarship's range, c. 400,000 to c. 1.8–2 million people, its width reflecting the counting of coerced departures against formal deportations; that a substantial share of those removed were United States citizens by birth is documented in the standard study (Balderrama & Rodríguez, *Decade of Betrayal*, 1995). Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §6.1. | DOCUMENTED (the removal, the citizenship finding, the apology); the total carried as the scholarship's range. |
| 1935–1941 (invasion October 1935; occupation to 1941); Yekatit 12 reprisal 19 February 1937 | Peoples of Ethiopia | Where: Ethiopia (Italian East Africa) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Italian invasion and occupation — mustard gas sprayed and bombed on soldiers and civilians in documented breach of the 1925 Geneva Protocol; after the attempted assassination of Viceroy Graziani (19 Feb 1937), a three-day massacre in Addis Ababa under Federal Secretary Cortese's attested order of carte blanche "to destroy and kill and do what you want to the Ethiopians"; reprisals continued through executions, deportations and the Danane and other camps How they were killed: Yekatit 12 death estimates printed as their kinds — Ethiopian sources ~30,000; Italian-era claims a few hundred; Campbell (2017) ~19,200; a lower scholarly band of 1,400–6,000 also stands — no figure settled; total Ethiopian deaths across war and occupation estimated in the hundreds of thousands in Ethiopian and scholarly literature (a figure of ~1 million circulates in Ethiopian accounts, printed as a Claim, not adopted) Outcome: Peoples standing entire; no census line Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §9. | Debated / Claim (genocide classification) |
| The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed 23 August 1939; Germany invaded Poland 1 September 1939; Britain and France declared war 3 September; the USSR invaded Poland from the east 17 September; the partition confirmed by the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, 28 September 1939. | the people of Poland — Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, Belarusians and the state's other citizens.. | Where: The Republic of Poland, between Germany and the Soviet Union. How they lived: OWED at entry level — the record meets Poland at its invasion; Poland's own institute carries its life and its losses in the Second World War dossier. The war or conquest — and who did it: Invasion by Germany (1 September, on a staged border incident at Gleiwitz as pretext) and by the Soviet Union (17 September), executing the secret protocol of the 23 August pact that had divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres. The protocol's existence was denied by the USSR until 1989, when it was acknowledged and condemned by the Soviet Congress of People's Deputies; the German copy had been a Nuremberg document since 1946. How they were killed: In the September campaign by bombing (Wieluń among the first towns), shelling (the Westerplatte) and battle; the campaign's toll and Poland's whole war stand in the Second World War record (IPN: 5.6–5.8 million Polish citizens dead across 1939–45, including 2.7–2.9 million Polish Jews murdered in the Holocaust) and are not summarised here beyond that pointer. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §9; WWII dossier §§2–3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| The night of 9–10 November 1938. | the Jews of Germany and of annexed Austria.. | Where: Across the German Reich, in its cities and towns. How they lived: As citizens stripped of citizenship by the Nuremberg Laws of 15 September 1935 — lawyers, doctors, shopkeepers, teachers and their families, five years into a dated, legal persecution that began with the boycott and civil-service purge of April 1933. The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a pogrom organised by the Nazi regime and its party formations, using the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris as its pretext; police stood aside or assisted in the record's documentation. How they were killed: On the standard accounting, at least 91 Jews were killed that night, with later deaths raising the toll; some 267 synagogues were burned and thousands of businesses wrecked; c. 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps; a collective fine of one billion marks was imposed on German Jewry. The foreign reaction was protest without sanction. Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §§5.2, 9. | DOCUMENTED. |
| From the fall of Nanjing on 13 December 1937, for roughly six weeks. | the Chinese people of Nanjing — its remaining civilians and the disarmed soldiers taken prisoner in its fall.. | Where: Nanjing, capital of the Republic of China. How they lived: OWED at entry level — the record meets the city under invasion; China's own record carries its life. The war or conquest — and who did it: The Imperial Japanese Army, in the full-scale war opened on 7 July 1937 — mass murder of prisoners and civilians and mass rape following the city's capture. How they were killed: By shooting, bayonet, burial and burning, in the categories the tribunals documented. The toll stands as the evidence's custodians give it, a conflict of counting frames: the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1948), "over 200,000" murdered in Nanjing and its vicinity in the first six weeks; the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal (1947) and the official Chinese figure, "more than 300,000"; modern scholarship's span, c. 40,000 to 300,000 and above, produced by different geographies and counting rules. The massacre's occurrence, its scale in the tens to hundreds of thousands, and its criminal character are established — by Japanese soldiers' own diaries, foreign witnesses' records and burial records among them. Outcome: OWED Record: WWII dossier §7.2; THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §9 companion spine. | DOCUMENTED (the massacre, at the tribunals' record); the toll carried as the named authorities' conflict, not settled. |
| 17–18 July 1936 (the military rising) to 1 April 1939 (Franco's declaration of the war's end); Madrid fell 28 March 1939. | the people of Spain — Republicans and Nationalists, and the civilians of both zones — with c. 35,000–40,000 foreign volunteers of the International Brigades fighting for the Republic.. | Where: Spain, divided by the front lines of a civil war. How they lived: OWED at entry level — the record takes Spain up at its rising; Spain's own historians (Thomas; Preston; Graham) carry its life. The war or conquest — and who did it: A civil war begun by a military rising against the Second Republic, internationalised from its first days: Germany and Italy armed and fought for Franco (the Condor Legion; tens of thousands of Italian troops; the airlift of the Army of Africa, July–August 1936), the Soviet Union armed the Republic, and Britain and France enforced a Non-Intervention that denied the legal government arms while the dictatorships violated it openly. Guernica was bombed by the Condor Legion on 26 April 1937 — Basque government contemporary count 1,654 dead; current scholarly accounting below 300, carried unreconciled. How they were killed: In battle, by bombing, and in the repressions behind both lines. The war's whole toll is ranged by the scholarship at roughly 500,000 dead; the components' proportions are DEBATED (Preston's reconstruction, carried attributed: Francoist repression c. 130,000–200,000; Republican-zone terror near 50,000). Outcome: OWED Record: THE_INTERWAR_YEARS_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §8, NV-11. | DOCUMENTED (the war, the interventions, the toll as the scholarship's rough range); component proportions DEBATED. |
| Hiroshima, 6 August 1945, 08:15; Nagasaki, 9 August 1945, ~11:02 (Kokura, the primary target, was obscured by cloud) | the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, including Korean conscripted labourers and residents present in both cities in unknowable proportions. | Where: Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: The United States dropped the first and second — and still the only — wartime atomic weapons: a uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima, a plutonium implosion-type bomb on Nagasaki How they were killed: By blast, fire and acute radiation inside the counting windows the authorities use; the dead are ESTIMATES and are carried as estimates — the cities' reconstructions give c. 140,000 (±10,000) at Hiroshima and c. 70,000 (±10,000) at Nagasaki by the end of 1945; the RERF-associated medical literature gives 90,000–120,000 and 60,000–80,000 for the same window; the conflict is methodological (different populations, denominators and counting questions), and late radiation deaths over following decades stand outside the 1945 figures Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§11–12. | DOCUMENTED (events); figures as named estimates, conflict shown. |
| 1 December 1944 | West African tirailleurs — repatriated veterans of the 1940 campaign in France, liberated from German POW camps. | Where: The Thiaroye transit camp outside Dakar, Senegal How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: French forces opened fire on the largely unarmed veterans, who were protesting unpaid back pay, discriminatory demobilization allowances and a manipulated currency-exchange rate; survivors (34) were tried for "mutiny" in 1945 and amnestied in 1947 without pardon How they were killed: Shot by French forces at the camp. The toll is DISPUTED and is carried as the dispute: French official figure 35 dead (a French military figure of 70 also circulated); veterans' and Mabon's c. 300–400; the Senegalese White Paper (October 2025) finds the massacre premeditated, records falsified or destroyed, victims c. 300–400, citing 2025 cemetery archaeology (graves with gunshot wounds and chained remains) Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §8.4. | DOCUMENTED (event); DEBATED (toll, carried as disputed). |
| 1942–1943 (railway construction under Japanese occupation) | Asian labourers (rōmusha from Malaya, Burma, Java and elsewhere) and Allied prisoners of war. | Where: Thailand and Burma, on the railway's line How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Forced labour under Imperial Japan for its Thai-Burma Railway How they were killed: Roughly 12,000–13,000 Allied POWs died (Commonwealth War Graves and Dutch and Australian official accountings) and at least 70,000, possibly 90,000 or more, Asian labourers, whose names were mostly never recorded — the Asian dead outnumber the POW dead by at least five to one in every accounting Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §7.5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1942 (removal under the War Measures Act, Order-in-Council P.C. 1665 and related orders) to 1 April 1949 (the bar on return to the coast lifted) | Japanese Canadians — more than 22,000 people, some 14,000 of them Canadian-born, most of them citizens. | Where: The British Columbia coast — fishing, farming, and merchant communities from Steveston to Prince Rupert — removed to internment sites in the BC interior, sugar-beet farms on the Prairies, and road camps How they lived: Before the removal: fishing fleets, farms, canneries, shops and community institutions built over two generations, on a coast that had already taxed and excluded Asian immigration for half a century (dossier §7.2) The war or conquest — and who did it: Canada — the federal government under the War Measures Act, on no evidence of sabotage or espionage and against the advice of the RCMP and the military, as the later record established; the Custodian of Enemy Property sold the removed people's homes, farms, boats and businesses without consent from 1943; in 1945–46 some 3,964 were deported to Japan before the policy collapsed How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a dispossession and internment entry; no death toll is asserted for it in the dossier, and none is carried here Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §9.2. | Documented. |
| Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941, to May 1945; Leningrad encircled 8 September 1941 – 27 January 1944 (872 days); Stalingrad surrendered 2 February 1943; Kursk from 5 July 1943 | the peoples of the USSR, and the peoples of the occupied Soviet territories, including Belarus and Ukraine. | Where: The western USSR, across a front of roughly 2,900 km How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Germany and its allies invaded with some 3.8 million personnel; the eastern war was a war of annihilation by design — the Commissar Order, the Hunger Plan, the Einsatzgruppen murders — and roughly four of every five German military dead of the war died fighting the USSR (Overmans) How they were killed: The USSR's dead stand at 26–27 million (Andreev–Darskii–Khar'kova demographic reconstruction; Harrison), with Krivosheev's official 8,668,400 irrecoverable military losses and documented dissent printed beside it (split NOT VERIFIED, NV-2); of some 5.7 million Soviet POWs taken by Germany, about 3.3 million died in custody (Streit; USHMM); Leningrad's civilian dead are a conflict across sources (c. 670,000 registered; reconstructions c. 800,000–1,500,000) Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §4. | DOCUMENTED (tolls as sourced ranges and reconstructions, conflicts shown). |
| Germany invaded 1 September 1939; the USSR invaded from the east 17 September 1939; Warsaw capitulated 28 September 1939; occupation to 1945 | the people of Poland, including Poland's Jews. | Where: Poland, partitioned between Germany and the USSR in 1939 How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Germany and, under the Molotov–Ribbentrop secret protocol, the USSR; under German occupation the Intelligenzaktion and AB-Aktion, expulsions, deportation of some two million Poles as forced labourers, ghettoization and the principal killing centres on occupied Polish soil; under Soviet occupation deportations to the Gulag and the Katyń massacres of spring 1940 How they were killed: Poland's dead stand at 5.6–5.8 million citizens in the IPN's 2009 estimate, including some 2.7–2.9 million Polish Jews murdered in the Holocaust and c. 150,000 victims of Soviet repression; at Katyń the NKVD murdered some 22,000 Polish officers and officials (from the NKVD's own records after 1990); the Warsaw Uprising (1 August – 2 October 1944) was crushed with civilian deaths estimated by Polish historiography at 150,000–200,000 Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§3.1, 5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Full-scale war from 7 July 1937 (Marco Polo Bridge) to 1945; Shanghai August–November 1937, Nanjing December 1937, Wuhan 1938 | the people of China. | Where: Across China; the government withdrew up the Yangtze to Chongqing How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Japan's full-scale invasion of China; Nationalist armies fought 22 major campaigns by the Nationalist official history's classification while Communist forces built base areas behind Japanese lines; the 1938 Yellow River flood was caused by Nationalist forces breaching the dikes at Huayuankou to slow the advance How they were killed: China's dead are printed as a sourced range, 14–20 million (Mitter and the Western scholarly range; PRC official figure 20 million dead, 35 million casualties), predominantly civilians — by combat, massacre, bombing, the Yellow River flood (c. 400,000–900,000), the Henan famine (c. 1–3 million) and disease; the military/civilian split is NOT VERIFIED (NV-3). At Nanjing (December 1937): the IMTFE found "over 200,000" murdered, the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal "more than 300,000," scholarly estimates from c. 40,000 upward by counting frame — no point figure is settled (NV-4) Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§2, 7.1–7.2. | DOCUMENTED (tolls as sourced ranges; split and Nanjing point figure NOT VERIFIED). |
| 18 September 1931 (staged explosion on the South Manchuria Railway near Mukden); Manchukuo installed by March 1932 | the people of China (Manchuria), and Korea, already annexed by Japan in 1910. | Where: Manchuria, north-eastern China How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Japanese Kwantung Army officers staged the Mukden explosion as a pretext and seized Manchuria; the League of Nations' Lytton Report (1932) found Japan the aggressor; Japan left the League and kept Manchuria How they were killed: Not a killing entry in the dossier's terms — the seizure and occupation open the war whose Chinese toll is carried in the 1937–1945 entry below Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1933–1935 — boycott 1 April 1933; civil-service law 7 April 1933; Enabling Act 23 March 1933; Dachau opened 22 March 1933; Nuremberg Laws 15 September 1935 | Jews of Germany (more than 500,000, stripped of citizenship by the Nuremberg Laws); the laws' framework later applied to Roma and to Black people as well. | Where: Germany — a Jewish community centuries old, part of the approximately 9.5 million Jews of Europe in 1933 How they lived: As citizens across every trade and profession — farmers, artisans, merchants, physicians, lawyers, teachers, journalists and industrial workers — within a dynamic and highly developed Jewish culture of schools, newspapers, theatres, charities and synagogues The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — state persecution by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler, appointed Chancellor January 1933: a nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses, exclusion from the civil service and the law, then the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor defining a "Jew" by three or four grandparents born into the Jewish religious community; the first of more than 400 legal restrictions in the regime's first six years How they were killed: Not a killing entry at this stage — the documented dead begin with the pogrom and war entries below; this entry records the identification and exclusion machinery the record shows made the later programme administratively possible Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§1–3 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM. | DOCUMENTED |
| Night of 9–10 November 1938; the victims' fine imposed after; Heydrich's report to the leadership meeting of 12 November 1938 | Jews of Germany, annexed Austria and the Sudetenland. | Where: Across the Reich — in the towns and cities where their synagogues, businesses, homes and schools stood How they lived: Under the Nuremberg framework and the completed identification machinery of 1938 — property registered, names compulsorily marked "Israel" and "Sara," passports stamped "J" The war or conquest — and who did it: A state-coordinated pogrom by the Nazi regime — Party paramilitary formations ordered to attack Jewish communities with Hitler's support, police and fire brigades ordered not to intervene — presented publicly as a spontaneous reaction to the shooting of the official Ernst vom Rath How they were killed: USHMM's earlier summary records 91 Jews murdered that night; the counts are shown, not resolved — USHMM's current article records more than 1,400 synagogues burned and about 26,000 Jewish men imprisoned in concentration camps solely because they were Jewish; the earlier summary records about 7,500 businesses, homes and schools plundered and 30,000 men arrested; Heydrich's perpetrator-side report counted 267 synagogues "destroyed" Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §5 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM and the Heydrich report as labelled. | DOCUMENTED |
| Germany invaded Poland 1 September 1939; Łódź ghetto established February 1940, sealed April 1940; Warsaw ghetto established October 1940, sealed November 1940; Łódź deportations to Chełmno began January 1942 | Jews of Poland — approximately 3.3 million, Europe's largest Jewish community — and of the occupied territories; 5,000 Austrian Roma were also deported into Łódź. | Where: Poland and occupied eastern Europe, concentrated into hundreds of sealed ghettos — Warsaw holding approximately 400,000 Jews at its sealing, Łódź more than 150,000 How they lived: Before the war, as the communities of §1 of the record; under occupation, subjected to forced labour, confiscation, marking decrees and violence, then imprisoned in the ghettos under guard, cut off from the surrounding city The war or conquest — and who did it: The German invasion and occupation of Poland from 1 September 1939, opening the Second World War in Europe How they were killed: In Łódź, more than 20 percent of the ghetto's population died as a direct result of the harsh living conditions — hard labour, overcrowding and starvation — before deportations to killing centres began; by the end of September 1942 over 70,000 Jews and about 5,000 Roma had been deported from Łódź to Chełmno, where most were killed Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §6 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM. | DOCUMENTED |
| Invasion of the USSR June 1941; Kamianets-Podilskyi 26–28 August 1941; Babi Yar 29–30 September 1941; shootings continued through the occupation, at Babi Yar to 1943 | Jews of the occupied Soviet territories — the vast majority of those shot — and, at Babi Yar and elsewhere, also Soviet prisoners of war, Roma and Ukrainian civilians. | Where: Their own towns and villages across the occupied Soviet territories; Kyiv's Jews were marched to the Babi Yar (Babyn Yar) ravine at the city's edge How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union; behind the front lines the Einsatzgruppen — SS and police mobile killing units, about 3,000 personnel in four groups (A–D) — with Waffen-SS, Order Police, Wehrmacht, allied forces and local auxiliaries How they were killed: By mass shooting, close to the victims' own towns and villages, in ravines, forests and anti-tank ditches — more than half a million people shot in the first nine months of the war (USHMM); 23,600 Jews murdered at Kamianets-Podilskyi; at Babi Yar, according to the reports sent by the Einsatzgruppen to their headquarters in Berlin — the perpetrators' own reporting — 33,771 Jews were massacred on 29–30 September 1941; USHMM estimates some 100,000 people in total murdered at Babi Yar between 1941 and 1943 Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §7 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM; the Babi Yar figure is a perpetrator report, as labelled. | DOCUMENTED |
| 20 January 1942 | the approximately 11,000,000 Jews of Europe counted in Heydrich's figures — including the Jews of the United Kingdom and of the neutral states — as the programme's target population. | Where: Across Europe, in every state named in the Protocol How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: No battle — a coordination conference of fifteen high-ranking officials of the Nazi Party, the SS and the German state ministries, chaired by Reinhard Heydrich, securing the ministries' cooperation in deporting Europe's Jews to occupied Poland to be killed; not one official present objected How they were killed: Not a killing entry — this entry records coordination, scope and intent: the Protocol, compiled and heavily edited by Adolf Eichmann and not a transcript, says "evacuated to the East" and "treated accordingly" and nowhere says "gas" or "shoot"; the methods it veils are proven by the operational records. Wannsee did not begin the programme — Chełmno was already operating and the shootings had run for seven months Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §8 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM and the Wannsee Protocol. | DOCUMENTED |
| Chełmno operating from December 1941; the three Operation Reinhard centres built spring–summer 1942; centres dismantled in 1943 — Treblinka in the autumn, Sobibór immediately after its uprising of 14 October 1943 | Jews of the General Government in occupied Poland and of the ghettos of occupied Europe; Roma and Poles were also murdered at Chełmno, in their own sections of the record. | Where: The ghettos and towns of occupied Poland, from which they were deported to the centres How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: The SS programme Operation Reinhard, directed by SS and Police Leader Odilo Globocnik in Lublin, staffed in part by personnel transferred from the Aktion T4 killing programme; Chełmno the first killing centre to operate How they were killed: Murdered at the killing centres — at Chełmno in sealed gas vans; Jewish victims as USHMM's by-centre table states them: Chełmno at least 152,000; Bełżec approximately 435,000; Sobibór at least 167,000 (higher memorial estimates of 200,000–250,000 recorded as unresolved, NOT VERIFIED above USHMM's floor); Treblinka II approximately 925,000; Operation Reinhard as a whole, with associated mass shootings, approximately 1.7 million people killed (USHMM, on Globocnik's final reports) Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §9 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM Tables 1–2. | DOCUMENTED |
| Complex established spring 1940; Birkenau functioning as a killing centre from March 1942; largest deportation, of Hungary's Jews, spring–summer 1944; Soviet forces entered 27 January 1945 and found approximately 7,000 prisoners left behind | At Auschwitz, as USHMM states it — approximately 1,000,000 Jews; 70,000 Poles; 21,000 Roma and Sinti; 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war; and approximately 12,000 further victims of other groups, within about 1.1 million killed in total. The victim groups of the whole programme stand in the record unblended: six million Jews murdered (USHMM and Yad Vashem); Soviet POWs around 3.3 million; non-Jewish Poles around 1.8 million; Roma at least 250,000, possibly as high as 500,000; Serb civilians more than 310,000; people with disabilities 250,000–300,000 — each figure in its own section, never summed (a single combined total is NOT VERIFIED). | Where: Deported to Oświęcim in German-occupied Poland from across Europe; approximately 1.3 million people deported to the complex in total How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators — the Auschwitz complex of Auschwitz I, Birkenau (Auschwitz II) and the Monowitz labour camp (Auschwitz III) with dozens of subcamps How they were killed: Murdered at the killing centre on arrival or held as registered prisoners under conditions that killed many of them; the programme whole was carried out at the five killing centres (approximately 2.7 million Jewish victims), in the Einsatzgruppen shootings, in the ghettos, camps and death marches, and in hundreds of further places — the six-million total calculated by USHMM and Yad Vashem from the perpetrators' surviving records together with pre- and post-war demographic data, there being no single wartime document totalling the dead Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§10–12 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM and Yad Vashem; figures by group, unblended, as the record states them. | DOCUMENTED |
| Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19 April – 16 May 1943; Treblinka revolt 2 August 1943; Sobibór revolt 14 October 1943; Sonderkommando revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau 7 October 1944; Lublin-Majdanek liberated 23–24 July 1944; the death marches winter 1944–45 to spring 1945; Germany's surrender 8 May 1945; the Nuremberg indictments read 18 October 1945 | Jewish fighters and prisoners of the ghettos and killing centres; Jewish partisans of the forests, including the Bielski group; prisoners of the camps marched west; and the rescuers of the record — the Righteous Among the Nations, 28,707 recognised individuals from 51 countries as of 1 January 2024 (Yad Vashem). | Where: The Warsaw ghetto; Treblinka, Sobibór and Auschwitz-Birkenau; the Naliboki Forest of western Belorussia, where the Bielski camp gave refuge to more than 1,200 Jews; and the march routes from Auschwitz, Stutthof, Gross-Rosen, Buchenwald, Flossenbürg, Sachsenhausen and Neuengamme toward the German interior How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: The closing of the Second World War in Europe — the revolts by the prisoners themselves against the SS; the marches by the SS evacuating the camps under explicit orders; liberation by Soviet, US and British forces camp by camp How they were killed: In Warsaw, at least 7,000 Jews died fighting or in hiding, approximately 7,000 were sent to Treblinka and murdered, and approximately 42,000 deported, most murdered in November 1943; at Sobibór the prisoners killed 11 German SS personnel and about 300 broke out, some 50 surviving the war; on the marches, guards shot hundreds who collapsed and thousands died of exposure, starvation and exhaustion — from Auschwitz nearly 60,000 were marched in mid-January 1945, at least 3,000 dying on the route to Gliwice alone and possibly as many as 15,000 in the Auschwitz evacuations (a total for all marches combined is NOT VERIFIED) Outcome: OWED Record: RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§13–16 (study_materials/world_true_history/holocaust), on USHMM and Yad Vashem. | DOCUMENTED |
| 8 May 1945 and the weeks following — the day Europe celebrated victory. | Muslim Algerians of the Constantine region — demonstrators of the Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty, and the largely uninvolved villagers of the repression.. | Where: Sétif, Guelma, Kherrata and their countrysides, eastern Algeria. How they lived: As French subjects without citizenship, in a settler colony whose soldiers had just fought in France's own liberation. The war or conquest — and who did it: Demonstrations with banned independence banners were fired on; rioting killed about 100 Europeans. France — army, settler militias, air and naval bombardment — conducted the repression. How they were killed: By shooting, militia killing, bombing and shelling. The toll is DEBATED at full width: 1,020 (the French administration's Tubert report), 3,000–8,000 (French historians' range), 15,000–20,000 (Abbas, judged plausible by Peyroulou), 45,000 (the Algerian state's figure). No figure is carried as settled. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/algeria/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §5. | DOCUMENTED (toll DEBATED, poles named). |
ERA 7 — 1945–2000
The acts and the inquiries overlap. Brazil's protection agency is documented against the peoples it was charged to protect, and a truth commission will later name ten peoples across 1946–88; Guatemala burns in 1981–83; Haximu is killed in 1993 and convicted as genocide in 1996; Canada's last residential school closes the same year, and Bringing Them Home opens the findings era in 1997. Sterilization programmes are documented on two continents, at each file's exact level.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| Night of 10–11 August 1945 (line chosen in Washington); occupation zones in force from September 1945; two Korean states proclaimed August–September 1948 | the Korean people, one nation under Japanese colonial rule 1910–1945. | Where: The Korean peninsula How they lived: An agrarian and increasingly industrial society emerging from 35 years of colonial rule; people's committees formed across the peninsula in 1945 The war or conquest — and who did it: No Korean was consulted: two US staff officers (Rusk and Bonesteel, by their own later testimony) drew the surrender-acceptance line at the 38th parallel; the USSR accepted it; both occupying powers displaced the peninsula-wide People's Republic proclaimed September 1945 How they were killed: Not a killing entry at this date — the division itself; the killing begins in the suppression of the committees and the Jeju uprising (1948–49, tens of thousands dead in the South Korean truth-commission record) Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §2; class-korean-war-grades-10-13. | Documented. |
| Indian Independence Act 18 July 1947; Pakistan independent 14 August 1947, India 15 August 1947 (midnight of the 14th–15th) | the peoples of undivided India — the nation whose army had reached over 2.5 million volunteers by August 1945, declared at war in 1939 by the Viceroy without consultation of any elected Indian legislature. | Where: British India, partitioned into India and Pakistan How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a war entry in this dossier's telling — the war made the empires' continuance impossible on the old terms and the colonized peoples seized the opening; Partition's violence is the India and Pakistan nations' own histories How they were killed: Partition's death toll is ranged in Indian, Pakistani and British scholarship at roughly 200,000–2 million, with the displacement of some 10–20 million — carried here as those ranges, and not added to the war's casualty table Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§8.2, 14.3. | DOCUMENTED (tolls as sourced ranges). |
| UN Charter signed 26 June 1945, in force 24 October 1945; Nuremberg 20 November 1945 – 1 October 1946; Tokyo Tribunal to November 1948; Universal Declaration 10 December 1948; Geneva Conventions 12 August 1949; Federal Republic of Germany 23 May 1949 and German Democratic Republic 7 October 1949; Korea divided at the 38th parallel in August 1945, Republic of Korea 15 August 1948 and DPRK 9 September 1948 | the peoples of Europe and of Korea, and the war's displaced — c. 11 million displaced persons in Germany alone at war's end in the Western zones; some 12–14 million Germans moved westward by flight and organized transfer. | Where: Europe, Germany and Berlin under occupation zones; Korea divided at the 38th parallel How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a war entry — the negotiated settlement of the Second World War (Yalta and Potsdam spheres; General Order No. 1 for Korea) and the new international law built in its shadow; the tribunals' documented defects (victor's-justice critique; the Emperor's non-indictment as a documented political decision) stand beside their legal legacies How they were killed: Not a killing entry — except the expulsions' death toll, which is NOT VERIFIED (NV-12: c. 500,000–600,000 in the Federal Archives/church-search tradition against c. 2–2.2 million in the 1950s West German statistical tradition, unreconciled) Outcome: OWED Record: world_true_history/world_war_ii/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §14.1–14.2, 14.4. | DOCUMENTED (expulsion toll NOT VERIFIED). |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) | Arara | Where: Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry) How they were killed: CNV component figure: more than 14 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) | Araweté | Where: Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry) How they were killed: CNV component figure: 72 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period; see also the Parallel 11 entry, 1967) | Cinta Larga | Where: Brazil — Mato Grosso / Rondônia (headwaters of the Aripuanã River; Aldeia Serra Morena) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry); FUNAI-period record in file: FUNAI technicians reported Cinta Larga women of Aldeia Serra Morena "were being prostituted with the connivance of the FUNAI staff of the village Indigenous post" (CNV, 2014) How they were killed: CNV component figure: 3,500 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2, §4. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) | Panará | Where: Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry); deaths caused by highway and hydroelectric construction documented among the Panará (CNV, 2014) How they were killed: CNV component figure: 176 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2–§7.3. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) | Parakanã | Where: Brazil — Transamazônica corridor contact zone How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry); FUNAI-period record: road workers on the Transamazônica corridor "gave gifts to Parakanã men and raped several women" (CNV, 2014); venereal disease reached 35 Indigenous women and two FUNAI agents in the contact zone, eight children born blind and about six children dead of dysentery (CNV, 2014) How they were killed: CNV component figure: 118 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2, §4. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period; see also 1967 for the Figueiredo poisoning record) | Tapayuna | Where: Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry) How they were killed: CNV component figure: 1,180 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV investigation period: 18 September 1946 – 5 October 1988; finding delivered 10 December 2014 — see 2014) | Ten peoples studied severally by the CNV (Cinta Larga, Waimiri-Atroari, Tapayuna, Yanomami, Xetá, Panará, Parakanã, Xavante of Marãiwatsédé, Araweté, Arara — each carried in its own entry following this set-entry), plus more than 50 peoples cited in the chapter as suffering some form of violence | Where: Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies — CNV finding: violations were systemic, the direct result of structural state policies, the state responsible by direct action and omission; land dispossession named as the common axis; mechanisms incl. forced removals, contagion by infectious diseases, imprisonment, torture, highways and hydroelectric schemes, false negative certificates of Indigenous absence How they were killed: SET-ENTRY FIGURE — CNV (2014), a floor built only from the ten studied peoples: at least 8,350 Indigenous people killed in 1946–1988 as a result of direct action of government agents or their omission. The Commission states the real number "must be much higher." For the Guarani-Kaiowá the CNV "did not dare present estimates." Never quote 8,350 without its floor character. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.1–§7.2. | Documented (official truth-commission finding; floor figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) | Waimiri-Atroari | Where: Brazil — BR-174 highway corridor through Waimiri-Atroari territory How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Highway construction as a killing instrument — the BR-174 highway through Waimiri-Atroari territory is the largest single component of the CNV table (CNV, 2014); specific BR-174 years are not dated in the file — OWED How they were killed: CNV component figure: 2,650 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2–§7.3. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) | Xavante (of Marãiwatsédé) | Where: Brazil — Marãiwatsédé How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry) How they were killed: CNV component figure: 85 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) | Xetá | Where: Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry). Specific dated blows (the file's summary in the task brief gives 1940s–60s) are not dated in the file text itself — OWED How they were killed: CNV component figure: 192 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1946–1988 (CNV period) (see also 1993, 2012, 2023) | Yanomami | Where: Brazil — Yanomami territory, Roraima / Amazonas How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian state policies per CNV set-entry (1946 entry); highways and hydroelectric schemes among the documented killing mechanisms for the Yanomami (CNV, 2014) How they were killed: CNV component figure: at least 354 (of the ≥8,350 floor, 1946–1988) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.2–§7.3. | Documented (CNV figure as filed) |
| 1947 (last documentation — Leslau documented the language in 1947 from four native speakers) | Gafat | Where: Blue Nile country west of Gojjam, Ethiopia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended in the record; descendants continue inside the Amharic-speaking population; no Gafat polity or separate cultural community descends in the record Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2. | Class B |
| 1947 (rising night of 29–30 March 1947; repression into late 1948) | Malagasy peoples | Where: Madagascar How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Malagasy nationalist rising (MDRM networks and secret societies) answered by French repression — reinforcements from across the empire, mass executions, torture, village burnings, collective punishment, deaths in flight from hunger and disease; France had conscripted Malagasy labour and requisitioned rice under the indigénat (population at the time ~4 million) How they were killed: Four figures, four kinds (Debated as figures) — 89,000 the French government's first official estimate (1947–49), later supplemented to over 100,000 including those who fled and were believed dead; 11,342 "known dead" in the administration's 1950 revision; 30,000–40,000 in Fremigacci's demographic reconstruction (his conclusion: "There were war crimes in Madagascar in 1947 but without intent to exterminate"); 60,000–100,000 in the higher scholarly and Malagasy-memory band — no total settled Outcome: Peoples standing entire — Madagascar's population today exceeds 30 million; no census line Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §10. | Debated (genocide classification — documented mass atrocity, intent finding contested) |
| 1950 — an ethnographic article reporting fieldwork of 1946–1950. | The Dogon people of Mali, West Africa, whose initiated elders' account was published; the publishing ethnographers are named in the extraction file's Research log only. | Where: The Bandiagara region of Mali. How they lived: An oral-tradition culture in which cosmological knowledge was held by initiated elders and taught in grades. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: The account as published: Sirius has an invisible companion — smallest and heaviest of stars — circling it in an elliptical orbit of fifty years. The publication is DOCUMENTED; the account's content is DEBATED (see the 1991 entry). Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §4. | the publication DOCUMENTED; the account DEBATED. |
| 18–24 April 1955 (Bandung Conference); the Non-Aligned Movement founded at Belgrade, September 1961 | Twenty-nine Asian and African governments — the decolonising nations, Ghana to follow to independence 6 March 1957, seventeen African nations in 1960 alone. | Where: Asia and Africa, emerging from the European empires How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: No war: a diplomatic refusal of both camps' enlistment; both camps thereafter courted, funded, subverted and sometimes invaded the non-aligned states How they were killed: Not a killing entry — say so as the record does Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §6; class-cold-war-world-grades-10-13 §5. | Documented. |
| 12 March 1947 (Truman Doctrine); 1948 (European Recovery Program); June 1948 – May 1949 (Berlin Blockade and airlift); 4 April 1949 (North Atlantic Treaty) | the peoples of Europe, divided between the emerging camps; the two German states proclaimed 1949. | Where: Europe, above all divided Germany and Berlin How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: No war: a hardening by doctrine, aid programme, blockade and alliance, 1947–49; the Warsaw Pact answered NATO in 1955 How they were killed: Not a killing entry — say so as the record does Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §1; class-cold-war-grades-10-13 §1. | Documented. |
| 1951 | Greenlandic Inuit children (the "experiment children") | Where: Greenland / Denmark How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Danish authorities, with Save the Children Denmark and the Danish Red Cross, took 22 Greenlandic Inuit children, aged about four to nine — most not orphans, though orphans were the stated criterion — to Denmark to be re-educated as "little Danes" How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — Greenland's Inuit stand with Self-Government (2009); Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen apologised in writing in December 2020 and in person to the six living survivors on 9 March 2022; survivors received compensation of 250,000 kroner each Record: asia-and-the-north.md §6.2. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact; Danish state apology at its exact weight) |
| Siege 13 March – 7 May 1954; Geneva Accords 20–21 July 1954 | the Vietnamese people; the French Union forces. | Where: Dien Bien Phu valley, north-west Vietnam; then Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: The First Indochina War (1946–54): France fought to restore colonial rule; the Viet Minh under Vo Nguyen Giap besieged and took the Dien Bien Phu garrison, the artillery hauled through the mountains by tens of thousands of porters How they were killed: French Union military dead for the war c. 75,000–92,000 (French official ranges); Vietnamese military and civilian deaths NOT VERIFIED at any single figure — sources diverge too widely Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §3; class-vietnam-war-grades-10-13 §1. | Documented; Vietnamese death toll NOT VERIFIED. |
| 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (armistice; no peace treaty ever signed) | the Korean people, North and South; Chinese People's Volunteer Army; US-led UN forces of sixteen combat nations. | Where: The Korean peninsula, fought over end to end; Seoul changed hands four times How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: North Korea invaded the South (proposed in Pyongyang, approved by Stalin, Soviet archival record); the US-led UN Command resisted, then attempted rollback to the Yalu; China intervened in force from October–November 1950 How they were killed: Roughly 3 million Korean dead, civilian and military, in the scholarly convergence (ROK Ministry of National Defense: South Korean civilian casualties 990,968, of whom 373,599 deaths; North Korean civilian casualties estimated 1,500,000 total); US bombing dropped c. 635,000 tons of bombs incl. 32,557 tons of napalm and in May 1953 destroyed the irrigation dams; massacres by all sides incl. the Bodo League killings (at least 100,000, Republic of Korea Truth and Reconciliation Commission) and No Gun Ri (July 1950) Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §2; class-korean-war-grades-10-13. | Documented, figures as sourced ranges; the exact North Korean civilian death toll NOT VERIFIED. |
| 1960 | the peoples of Cameroon, Togo, the Mali Federation (splitting into Mali and Senegal in August 1960), Madagascar, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, Dahomey (now Benin), Niger, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Côte d'Ivoire, Chad, the Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Nigeria and Mauritania. | Where: Across the continent — the wave between Ghana (1957, the first sub-Saharan colony of a European power to gain independence in the wave) and Algeria (1962) How they lived: OWED at this entry's weight — each nation's own way of life and post-independence arc is carried in its nation dossier, not in this continental anchor entry The war or conquest — and who did it: No single war attaches to this entry; the seventeen independences came territory by territory, by negotiation, by armed struggle, or by both — they were seventeen different events How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no killing is recorded for this entry in the dossier Outcome: OWED Record: Africa continental dossier §9; class page /class-africa-continent-grades-10-13. | DOCUMENTED, with the counting ambiguity shown. |
| 30 September 1966. | the peoples of the Bechuanaland Protectorate — Tswana chiefdoms, San first peoples, and the peoples of the north — under President Seretse Khama, the chief Britain had exiled in 1950 and the electorate had chosen.. | Where: The protectorate of 1885, its capital newly built inside its own borders at Gaborone. How they lived: A poor, drought-struck cattle country and labour reserve for South Africa's mines, governed through the kgotla tradition and the chiefdoms the protectorate had left standing. The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a killing entry — independence by negotiation and election, without a liberation war and without a settler class to displace. How they were killed: Not a killing entry — no deaths attach to the transfer itself. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/botswana/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §5. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1 November 1954 (the FLN's coordinated opening) – 5 July 1962 (independence proclaimed, on the 132nd anniversary of Algiers' fall). | Algerians under the FLN/ALN; French conscript armies; the settler population; the harkis, Algerian auxiliaries of France.. | Where: Algeria whole, and Paris — where police killed Algerian demonstrators on 17 October 1961. How they lived: Algerians as subjects under the indigénat's successor regime, in villages the French army would empty into regroupement camps — over 2 million displaced, in the standard literature's figure. The war or conquest — and who did it: The FLN's war for independence against France, which deployed up to c. 400,000–500,000 troops, systematised torture (documented by Alleg, by Aussaresses's admissions, and by France's 2018 recognition in the Audin case), and faced the settler-terrorist OAS in its final phase; the Évian Accords (March 1962) ended it. How they were killed: Algerian deaths are DEBATED at full width: 1–1.5 million (Algerian official/FLN-derived), c. 350,000 (French official-demographic), c. 700,000–960,000 (scholarly, between). French military dead are counted: c. 25,600. Harkis killed after the ceasefire: 30,000–150,000, the widest range in the dossier. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/algeria/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §6. | DOCUMENTED (Algerian toll DEBATED, poles named). |
| 1952–1960 (State of Emergency declared October 1952) | Kikuyu, Embu and Meru communities (Mau Mau / Kenya Land and Freedom Army) | Where: Kenya How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: British counter-insurgency against the Mau Mau rising — the "Pipeline" detention-camp system with forced labour, interrogation and documented systematic abuse; forced villagisation of over a million Kikuyu; mass screening and collective punishment; at Hola Camp in March 1959 eleven detainees were beaten to death by camp guards (inquest: shock and haemorrhage from multiple bruising inflicted by camp officials); over 1,000 Kenyans were hanged under Emergency capital regulations How they were killed: Official figure ~11,000 Mau Mau killed by the security forces (an official count of those recorded killed); Caroline Elkins's estimate up to ~300,000 Kikuyu dead or missing by demographic deficit (an estimate, contested — demographer John Blacker concluded it demographically disproved); Anderson's assessment stands between the poles — no settled total constructed; colonial officials burned and removed large quantities of Emergency files at independence Outcome: Peoples standing — Kikuyu, Embu and Meru are major peoples of Kenya; no census line; in 2013 the British government settled the veterans' claim (£19.9 million to 5,228 claimants, a Nairobi memorial, Foreign Secretary Hague's statement of sincere regret for torture and ill-treatment — regret and settlement without legal liability admitted) Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §6. | Debated (genocide classification — Elkins used the word of the camp system; no official genocide finding) |
| May 1953 (informed 25 May 1953, removed within days) | Inughuit (Thule population) | Where: Uummannaq (Dundas) to Qaanaaq, Greenland How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Removal by Danish authorities to expand the US Thule Air Base — 26 Inughuit families, 116 people, removed over 100 km north, living in tents until houses were built that September; their Uummannaq houses were later burned How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — the Danish Supreme Court (2003) held the relocation a lawful expropriation with limited damages and held the Thule population not a separate Indigenous people; the European Court of Human Rights (2006) declared the complaint inadmissible; the community's own account names its organisation Hingitaq ("the deported") — Tradition / the people's own account, printed beside the courts' line, not reconciled Record: asia-and-the-north.md §6.2. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact, with the people's own account at its weight) |
| 29 September 1954 — the Convention, signed in Paris in 1953, enters into force. | The twelve founding states — Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia — and the physicists they gathered. | Where: The laboratory site at Meyrin, outside Geneva, straddling the Franco-Swiss border, where it still stands. How they lived: Post-war European scientists pooling resources no single state could carry alone, bound by the Convention to pure, fundamental research, no military work, and published results. The war or conquest — and who did it: None — the foundation is a peace settlement in science, made in the aftermath of the Second World War, not a conquest. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, exists: the institution whose rings, statue and vocabulary the rest of this sequence follows. DOCUMENTED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Pawns in the Game first published 1955 (widely circulated 1958 edition). | no people — a book, and the fusion it makes | Where: in print (Willowdale, Ontario). How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a telling: William Guy Carr publishes the joint-origin account — a 1773 Frankfurt meeting of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and twelve financiers, a 25-point plan, the order as its financed instrument, the French Revolution as its first execution. How they were killed: — Outcome: the banker and the professor joined in one origin story. No evidence of any Rothschild–Weishaupt meeting exists; Carr's cited source for it is the Protocols forgery, which names neither man; in the 1770s Mayer Amschel was a modest coin-and-cloth trader, his bank not yet in being. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.6; Annex A. | the book DOCUMENTED; the meeting, the plan, and the funding CLAIM. |
| mid-to-late 1950s into the 1980s ("Sixties Scoop" — term coined by Patrick Johnston, 1983) | Indigenous children (Canada) | Where: Canada — provincial child-welfare systems; placements primarily with white, middle-class families in Canada, the United States and some in Western Europe How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: 1951 Indian Act revision (s. 88) extended provincial child-welfare jurisdiction onto reserves; provincial agencies apprehended Indigenous children at extraordinary rates — frequently for poverty-related "neglect" judged by non-Indigenous standards — severing contact with family, community, language and status. Manitoba's Kimelman Report, No Quiet Place (1985), concluded "cultural genocide has been taking place in a systematic, routine manner" through the child-welfare system. Policies discontinued mid-1980s; federal settlement 2018 noted as a legal fact in file. How they were killed: Scale — the sourced estimate: an estimated total of ~20,000 Indigenous children taken and fostered or adopted out during the Scoop era — an estimate built from provincial records, presented as an estimate, not a registry count. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: sterilization-and-children.md §3. | Documented (scale an estimate, as filed) |
| the John Birch Society founded 1958; Gary Allen's None Dare Call It Conspiracy 1971. | no people — a society and a book, and the thesis they carry | Where: Indianapolis; the United States, in print. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an organisation: Robert W. Welch Jr.'s Society builds its politics on a hidden “Insiders” directorate; Allen's book (with Larry Abraham) gathers the CFR, the bankers, the Rockefellers and the Illuminati into the 1797 template for the Cold War, in printings its publishers numbered in the millions. How they were killed: — Outcome: the claim in mass circulation, as politics. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.6; Annex A. | the Society and the book DOCUMENTED; the Insiders thesis CLAIM. |
| November 1959 — full design energy of 24 GeV reached on the night of 24–25 November 1959. | CERN's accelerator builders and physicists at Meyrin. | Where: Meyrin, Geneva, on the Franco-Swiss border. How they lived: An international laboratory staff of physicists, engineers and technicians building and running Europe's flagship accelerator in shifts, in open publication. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: For some months the world's highest-energy accelerator, and still, decades later, the injector heart of the complex that feeds LEP's successor ring. DOCUMENTED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Missiles photographed 14 October 1962; quarantine announced 22 October; Black Saturday 27 October; withdrawal announced 28 October 1962 | Cuba — the crisis's ground; the United States and the Soviet Union — its principals. | Where: Cuba; the Caribbean approaches; Soviet submarine patrol areas How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — the Cold War's nearest approach to nuclear war: Soviet nuclear missiles placed in Cuba (Fursenko & Naftali, from Soviet and Cuban records), discovered by US reconnaissance; settled by a public US non-invasion pledge and the secret removal of US Jupiter missiles from Turkey (completed April 1963) How they were killed: One combat death stands in the record: Major Rudolf Anderson, USAF, shot down over Cuba 27 October 1962; the B-59 submarine incident (Arkhipov's refusal of a nuclear torpedo launch) rests on 2002 conference testimony — Documented at that level, the bridge detail Debated Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §4; class-cold-war-world-grades-10-13 §2. | Documented, with the B-59 detail Debated. |
| 1 January 1959 (Batista falls); US embargo in stages from October 1960; Bay of Pigs landing 17–19 April 1961 | the Cuban people. | Where: Cuba How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: A revolutionary war won against the Batista regime; then a CIA-trained exile invasion at Playa Girón, defeated in three days (Documented from declassified US records and the Cuban record) How they were killed: OWED at the level of this entry — the revolutionary war's and the landing's tolls stand in the class record, not separately verified here Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §4; class-cold-war-world-grades-10-13 §1. | Documented. |
| 1959–1963 (brought under control); deaths 1963–1968 (see also 1973) | Aché — southern groups (Ypety and Yvytyruzu Aché, together about 100 people) | Where: Eastern Paraguay — concentrated at Cerro Morotí, the farm of Manuel Jesús Pereira How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: "Pacification" (the period's official word, quoted as theirs) by Manuel Jesús Pereira, an employee of the state's Native Affairs Department — Ypety Aché in 1959, Yvytyruzu Aché in 1963 — under the Stroessner state (1954–1989), amid settler colonisation of the eastern forests How they were killed: Of the Ypety and Yvytyruzu Aché brought in between 1959 and 1963, more than half perished from disease while under Pereira's supervision between 1963 and 1968 (standard reference account as filed) Outcome: the people standing — the Aché were not destroyed (see 1973 and 2014 entries) Record: the-ache-contested.md §1–§2. | DEBATED / contested exactly as filed — documented persecution; the genocide characterisation is an Allegation, disputed on intent/policy (see 1973 entry) |
| 1960s–70s (IUD / "spiral" campaign) | Greenlandic women and girls (Greenland Inuit) | Where: Greenland (under Danish policy) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing; Greenlandic political characterisations of the wider Danish record, including this campaign, as genocidal are claims in live political and legal process (a Danish-Greenlandic inquiry reported in 2025; litigation proceeding); no genocide finding has been entered by a court Record: asia-and-the-north.md §6.2. | Claim (in live process) |
| Early 1960s (last fluent first-language speaker died in the early 1960s; a commonly repeated specific year is 1962; conflicting mirrors give 1989 — flagged, not resolved) | Myaamia (Miami-Illinois peoples — Myaamiaki and related Illinois Confederation peoples) | Where: Historically Illinois, Indiana, western Ohio and Michigan; today centred on the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma and communities in Indiana and Ohio, USA How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Forced division of the Miami community in 1846 (part removed west under the Indian Removal era, part remaining in Indiana) and English-only practices in the federal Indian boarding school system drove language shift to English from the nineteenth century How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: DORMANT / REAWAKENING — the people's own term is "sleeping," never extinct (Leonard: "not and never was extinct; it was merely sleeping"); reawakening from the 1990s via the Myaamia Center (est. 2001); ~500 tribal members used the language regularly in a 2016 estimate (users/learners, not first-language speakers); peoples-register status DORMANT / REAWAKENING Record: myaamia.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); peoples-register.md (Myaamia line). | Class C territory in census terms (language line ended, people living) — filed in the files as Dormant → Reawakening, never as exterminated |
| 1962–1970 (discharge); fishery closed 1970 | Asubpeeschoseewagong (Grassy Narrows) First Nation and Wabaseemoong (Whitedog) First Nation — Anishinaabe | Where: English–Wabigoon river system, Ontario, Canada How they lived: Seasonal round moving between fishing stations, sugar bush (maple), wild-rice lakes, hunting grounds and winter camps; manoomin (wild rice) harvested from canoes; birchbark canoe technology (knowledge/anishinaabe.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Dryden Chemicals Ltd. (Reed Paper Group / Reed International) discharged mercury-cell effluent directly into the Wabigoon–English system, 1962–1970, as licensed industrial practice; Ontario ordered the river dumping stopped 26 March 1970. Harm documented; extermination intent NOT documented in the file — the documented intent was pulp bleaching, and the documented culpability is the licensing, the delay and the unremediated aftermath. How they were killed: Over 9,000 kg of mercury discharged (commonly carried ~9,000–10,000 kg). In 1970 the commercial fishery was closed and residents told to stop eating the fish their food system was built on. Dr Masazumi Harada's examinations from 1975 found signs of mercury poisoning incl. Minamata disease cases; his 2010 series found 59% of those examined showing signs of ongoing mercury poisoning, incl. residents born after the dumping was ordered stopped. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: modern-mechanisms-contamination.md §1. | Documented (harm documented; extermination intent NOT documented, as filed) |
| Principia Discordia first edition 1963; The Illuminatus! Trilogy 1975. | no people — satire, and its afterlife in the earnest lore | Where: in print (Dell, 1975). How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a joke that fed a doctrine: Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley's Discordian parody makes the Illuminati the puppet-masters of an absurdist cosmology — Operation Mindfuck, the fnords — and Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, Playboy Forum editors building a novel from their readers' conspiracy letters on the premise that all were true, publish the satire that carries the name into pop culture. How they were killed: — Outcome: the authors' stated intent: to poke fun at the conspiratorial frame of mind; the satire is mined as lore by the earnest to this day. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.7; Annex A. | DOCUMENTED — as fiction and satire that fed the earnest lore. |
| Open US war from March 1965; Tet Offensive 30–31 January 1968; Paris Accords January 1973; Saigon falls 30 April 1975; reunification 1976 | the Vietnamese people, North and South; US and allied forces; the peoples of Laos and Cambodia in the widened war. | Where: Vietnam, divided at the 17th parallel since 1954; the Ho Chi Minh Trail corridors of Laos; eastern Cambodia How they lived: Village Vietnam lived between two armed authorities — Saigon's and the insurgency's — for a decade (Vietnamese testimony record) The war or conquest — and who did it: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front fought for unification against the Republic of Vietnam and, 1965–73, the United States and its allies; the US dropped over 6 million tons of bombs on Vietnam and c. 2 million tons on Laos (US records; Legacies of War accounting) How they were killed: Three accountings kept apart, never merged: Vietnam's official figures (1995, for 1955–75) — 1.1 million PAVN/VC military dead, 2.0 million civilian dead; Hirschman–Preston–Vu demographic study — 791,000–1,141,000 war-related deaths 1965–75; BMJ (2008) — 3.8 million violent deaths 1955–2002; US dead 58,220; ARVN dead c. 254,000; My Lai, 16 March 1968 — 347 dead (US Army Peers Commission) / 504 (Son My memorial); Hue killings Documented, count Debated (c. 2,800–6,000); Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge 1975–79 c. 1.5–2 million dead — Cambodia's own record, not folded into the bombing toll Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §3; class-vietnam-war-grades-10-13. | Documented, figures as labelled accountings in open conflict. |
| 11 November 1975 (independence) – 4 April 2002 (Luena Memorandum). | Angolans of the MPLA state, of UNITA's centre-south, and of the war's displaced millions — with Cuban, South African, American and Soviet forces engaged on Angolan soil.. | Where: Angola whole — Luanda held by the MPLA; Huambo, the highlands and the south contested for 27 years. How they lived: Under a one-party oil state at war: sieges, conscription, mined roads and fields, and displacement on a continental scale. The war or conquest — and who did it: The three liberation movements' struggle for the succession — MPLA (USSR, Cuba) against UNITA and FNLA (United States, apartheid South Africa, Zaire) — after the Alvor Agreement's collapse; elections in 1992 were followed by a return to a deadlier war; the war ended after Savimbi's death in combat (22 February 2002). How they were killed: Deaths are estimated, not counted: 500,000–1,500,000 across 1975–2002 in the literature and agency estimates; c. 4 million displaced at the end phase (agency figure). Both carried as estimates; no count exists. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/angola/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §7. | DOCUMENTED (tolls are labelled estimates). |
| 27 May 1967 (referendum) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples | Where: Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — over 90% of Australian voters voted Yes to amend the Constitution so the Commonwealth could make laws for Aboriginal people and count them in the census; the file corrects the common retelling: the referendum did not itself grant the vote (Commonwealth voting rights came in 1962) Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §7.1. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact) |
| undated in the file; documented in the Figueiredo Report (inquiry 1967, presented March 1968) (see also 1946 Cinta Larga entry) | Cinta Larga | Where: Headwaters of the Aripuanã River, Mato Grosso, Brazil — at the 11th parallel south (Massacre of the 11th Parallel) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Rubber firm Arruda, Junqueira & Co. sought to remove the Cinta Larga from its collecting area; its head Antonio Mascarenhas Junqueira recorded in the case record with intent in the perpetrator's own terms (quoted in file). A plane was hired to drop dynamite on the village and gunmen attacked on foot with machine guns to kill survivors. One perpetrator, José Duarte de Prado, sentenced in 1975 to ten years and pardoned the same year. How they were killed: Thirty Cinta Larga killed; two survived (Survival International, 2013; Guardian, 2013, from the Report) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §3.1. | Documented (official inquiry record as filed) |
| 1967/68 (inquiry 1967; report presented March 1968) | Indigenous peoples under the SPI (Brazil, collective — incl. Tapayuna poisoning case and two remote Pataxó communities in the smallpox accusation) | Where: Brazil — Serviço de Proteção ao Índio (SPI) Indigenous posts (about 130 posts; commission visited about 100–130 — itinerary totals differ between summaries, findings do not) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Figueiredo Commission of Inquiry (federal prosecutor Jader de Figueiredo Correia, under Minister of the Interior Albuquerque Lima) into the SPI — the federal agency charged with protection. Figueiredo's own summary judgement [PRIMARY DOCUMENT]: "The Indian Protection Service has degenerated to the point of chasing Indians to extinction." Documented categories: mass murder, torture (incl. the tronco), enslavement and forced labour, deliberate introduction of smallpox, poisoning (sugar laced with arsenic given to the Tapayuna; sugar mixed with strychnine in the Guardian's general reading — both printed, not merged), sexual abuse incl. forced prostitution, sale of children, theft of land, cattle, timber and funds, lethal neglect. A parliamentary resolution accused SPI director Major Luiz Vinhas Neves (director 1964–1968) of complicity in the spread of smallpox among two remote Pataxó communities — findings/accusations in an official inquiry, not convictions; no one was tried for them. 134 officials faced initial charges alleging more than 1,000 crimes; Brazil jailed not a single person on them. SPI abolished and replaced by FUNAI (Law No. 5,371 of 1967). How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §1–§5. | Documented (official findings, evidence level as filed) |
| AD 1969. | the editors of the standard edition and the scholarly world that received it — Atra-Ḫasīs: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford: Clarendon Press). | Where: Oxford, and wherever the Old Babylonian tablets are held — the edition assembled fragments across collections, including the most complete copy, Ipiq-Aya's, from the reign of Ammi-saduqa. How they lived: by collation — fragments joined, copies compared, a dictionary built sign by sign, until a poem broken across three millennia could be read as one work. The war or conquest — and who did it: none — the entry's adversary is fragmentation and time. How they were killed: not a killing entry — a recovery entry: the poem's own dead stay in the poem (§5 of the record); what ended in 1969 was the poem's dispersal. Outcome: Atrahasis whole — labour, making, noise, plagues, flood and settlement together — entered the world's libraries in a standard edition, where it remains the basis of every later translation. DOCUMENTED. Record: THE_TABLETS_SPEAK_2026-10-28.md, §5, §9. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1969 (the White Paper) to 17 April 1982 (the Constitution Act in force) | First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada, organized in their own nations and associations; the governments of Canada. | Where: Across Canada; the decisive scenes at Ottawa, at the Supreme Court, and in London How they lived: Under the Indian Act's regime in its late form — and, increasingly, in political organizations of their own building (the National Indian Brotherhood, the Native Women's Association of Canada, the Inuit and Métis organizations) (dossier §10) The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — a policy and its defeat, then litigation and constitutional politics: the 1969 White Paper proposed to end the Indian Act, the treaties' standing, and the department in the name of equality; Harold Cardinal's *The Unjust Society* (1969) and the Red Paper (1970) answered it, and it was withdrawn. In *Calder* (1973) the Nisga'a carried title to the Supreme Court, which accepted that Aboriginal title exists in law; Ottawa reversed its position and opened comprehensive claims. The Constitution Express (1980–81) carried the fight into the patriation package: section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 "recognized and affirmed" the existing Aboriginal and treaty rights of First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a rights entry; it is filed as the hinge between the Chronology's schools-and-starvation record and its findings-era record Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §§10.2, 11.1–11.2. | Documented. |
| Manhunt era to 1978 (reports: Münzel 1973, 1974; Arens 1976; USAID review 1978, report 1979, published 1980) (see also 1959, 2014) | Aché — northern Aché (approximately 560 people before forced contact, demographic reconstruction) and the people concentrated at Cerro Morotí | Where: Forests of eastern Paraguay; Colonia Nacional "Guayakí" (administrators' word, quoted as theirs) at Cerro Morotí How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Settler/colonist manhunts — raiding parties hunting Aché bands to kill men and capture women and children; captured children sold openly as servants into the 1970s; captured Aché concentrated on Native Affairs Department employee Manuel Jesús Pereira's farm, renamed with Spanish names, wives taken and assigned to other men, supplies pilfered, beatings and rape common (Münzel/Arens record; Pereira arrested September 1972 after outside pressure). The Paraguayan state employed Pereira, administered the reservation and promoted the development driving the hunts. How they were killed: Captured Aché died in large numbers of respiratory and other diseases after capture, in hunger and neglect. Demography (Hill & Hurtado, 1996): about half of the Aché died at contact in the 1960s and 1970s (Hurtado, 2000) — counted individually, in the hundreds for the bands reconstructed. The circulating "85% of the tribe died" figure is NOT CARRIED in the file, with reasons stated (no individual-level reconstruction supports it; unstable base; summary-literature provenance). Outcome: the people standing — Aché survive in six legally recognised communities (see 2014 entry) Record: the-ache-contested.md §2–§6. | DEBATED / contested exactly as filed — Allegation: genocide by the Paraguayan state (Münzel 1973/74; Arens 1976; Whitaker Report 1985 listing). Debated: Maybury-Lewis & Howe (1979/1980) confirmed murderous attacks, servitude, forced relocation and mass death, and the state's failure to protect/prosecute/liberate, but found an official policy of genocide "unlikely as well as unproven" — "sins of omission rather than commission"; Inter-American Commission provisional view: Paraguay had not carried out a genocide. Neither side is settled by the file |
| from the mid-1970s–1980s, in Russian-language pseudohistory; the occult-nationalist stratum follows in the 1990s–2000s. | no people — books, and the doctrine they found. | Where: Moscow, in print. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — an argument: the mathematician Anatoly Fomenko builds the "New Chronology" — the doctrine that the accepted chronology is a 16th–17th-century fabrication, antiquity a phantom duplication of medieval events, and world history centred on a great medieval Eurasian power, his "Russian Horde," written down by Western falsifiers. His multivolume History: Fiction or Science? carries a Tartaria volume, The Issue with Great Tartary, arguing from real period sources — including the 1771 first-edition Encyclopaedia Britannica's treatment of Muscovite Tartary with its capital at Tobolsk — that a real Great Tartary was suppressed. The occultist Nikolai Levashov then popularises the frame in racial-occult writings in which Tartaria figures as the true, ancient name and civilization of a Slavic-Aryan Russia, erased by hostile forces: the erasure motive and the ethnic frame both enter the tradition in this stratum. How they were killed: — Outcome: the claim-complex has its traceable intellectual origin — a glorious real past, deleted by enemies — assembled in Russia a generation before it reaches English. The sources quoted are real period texts; the chronology built on them is rejected by the historical profession in Russia and elsewhere, and answered at book length by Russian historians. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §3.2. | the books DOCUMENTED; the thesis CLAIM. |
| Portuguese withdrawal and Angolan independence 11 November 1975; Mozambique independent 25 June 1975; Cuito Cuanavale 1987–88; New York Accords December 1988 | the Angolan and Mozambican peoples; Cuban expeditionary forces; South African forces. | Where: Angola and Mozambique, southern Africa How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: The liberation movements' civil war in Angola became a full Cold War proxy war — Cuban divisions and Soviet supply on one side, South African incursions and US supply on the other How they were killed: Angola's civil-war toll commonly estimated 500,000–1,000,000 across 1975–2002 — an estimate spanning the Cold War's end, carried as such Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §6; class-cold-war-world-grades-10-13 §5; cross-link class-africa-continent-grades-10-13 (parallel build). | Documented; toll as estimate. |
| 1973–1976 (procedures); GAO report released 23 November 1976 | Indigenous women (United States — Indian Health Service) | Where: United States — 4 of the 12 IHS areas examined (Aberdeen, Albuquerque, Oklahoma City, Phoenix) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: US General Accounting Office report on Indian Health Service sterilization practices (requested by Senator James Abourezk after allegations raised by Dr Connie Pinkerton-Uri, 1974) How they were killed: Documented floor: 3,406 sterilizations of Indigenous women in the four areas in 1973–1976 (3,001 of women of childbearing age 15–44; 1,024 at contract facilities), plus 142 sterilizations of men in the fuller summaries. The four areas were noncompliant with IHS/HEW sterilization regulations — consent-documentation failures systemic; 36 women under 21 sterilized despite a moratorium. PRECISION, as filed: the GAO found "no evidence of IHS sterilizing Indians without a patient consent form on file" — this is NOT a finding of non-consent, and the 3,406 are NOT printed as proven non-consensual operations. The 25–50% / up to ~70,000 figures (Jane Smith extrapolation) are carried ONLY as attributed, contested estimates. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: sterilization-and-children.md §1. | Documented (GAO floor; wider figures contested estimates, as filed) |
| AD 1976 — the year the retelling at this entry's centre was first published as a book; its circulation widened for decades after, through further books, television and, in the present century, social media at scale. | no person — a modern retelling of the tablets, and the readership it gathers. | Where: the English-speaking publishing world first, then worldwide in translation and broadcast. How they lived: by print, broadcast and screen — the retelling presents the great gods as visitors from another world, mankind as a manufactured worker people, and the flood as an episode in that visitation. The war or conquest — and who did it: none in fact — in the retelling's own plot, wars among the gods and a decision to let mankind perish in the flood stand at its centre; those are the retelling's claims, not events. How they were killed: not a killing entry — no deaths are recorded in this entry; what the entry records is a change in how the tablets were read by millions who never met the editions. Outcome: the retold system stands at two classes at once, kept apart: the book and its circulation are DOCUMENTED; the doctrine it teaches is CLAIM — and its load-bearing renderings (the name read as an arrival, the canals read as mines, the making read as engineering) do not stand at the dictionaries and the texts themselves, as the record sets out. Record: THE_TABLETS_SPEAK_2026-10-28.md, §9. | the book DOCUMENTED; the doctrine built on it CLAIM. |
| 1976. | The reading public of the visitors' literature, worldwide — the entry is carried impersonally, by commission. | Where: Wherever the book circulated, in many languages. How they lived: Not applicable — this is a publishing entry, not a way-of-life entry. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: A popular book made the 1950 Dogon account a cornerstone of the ancient-visitors literature, arguing the knowledge came from visitors from the Sirius system itself. The publication and its influence are DOCUMENTED; its visitors are CLAIM. Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §4. | the book DOCUMENTED; the doctrine CLAIM. |
| 1978 (Indian Child Welfare Act); surveys 1969 and 1974 | Native children and families (United States) | Where: United States How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Association on American Indian Affairs surveys (1969, 1974) found between 25% and 35% of all Native children in states with large Native populations had been removed from their families and placed in foster or adoptive homes or institutions, overwhelmingly in non-Native homes; per-capita rates 16–19 times those for other children in some states. Congress enacted the Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) declaring it national policy "to protect the best interests of Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families." (See also 2023 Brackeen entry.) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: sterilization-and-children.md §4. | Documented (survey-based finding adopted by Congress, as filed) |
| Soviet 40th Army inserted 24–27 December 1979 (President Amin killed in the palace assault); withdrawal under the Geneva Accords completed 15 February 1989 | the Afghan people; the mujahideen parties; the Soviet 40th Army and the Afghan government forces. | Where: Afghanistan; refugee exodus chiefly to Pakistan and Iran How they lived: A largely rural, village society — the countryside that sustained the insurgency became the war's target (UN Ermacora reports; Human Rights Watch, 1984) The war or conquest — and who did it: The USSR intervened to preserve a client revolutionary government against nationwide revolt; the mujahideen were funded and armed principally by the US (Operation Cyclone, via Pakistan's ISI), Saudi Arabia and China How they were killed: Afghan civilian deaths estimated 562,000 (Sliwinski, lowest demographic study) to 2,000,000 — the range carried whole; mujahideen killed 75,000–90,000 (Giustozzi); government forces' dead over 58,000; Soviet dead 14,453 official, accountings to c. 26,000; c. 5 million refugees abroad, c. 2 million internally displaced (UN-era estimates); villages bombed and depopulated across some ten provinces, mines sown in farmland (Documented) Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §5; class-cold-war-world-grades-10-13 §4. | Documented, figures as sourced ranges. |
| 1980s (last speakers died in the 1980s; Ehret's last-speaker work 1976, Kiessling confirmation 1999) | Kw'adza (Ng'omvia) | Where: Tanzania How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended in the record; descendants continue inside the Gogo-speaking population; no separate polity descends; evidence class catalogue-plus-absorption, labelled thin in the census Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2. | Class B |
| By 1981 (no speakers could be found; Winter); rememberers found 2014 | Kwadi (called Kwepe by Bantu neighbours) | Where: Lower Coroca River, south-west Angola How they lived: Hunter-gatherer/fisher people of the lower Coroca River The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended as a separate people, absorbed among neighbouring peoples, no Kwadi polity descending; conflict printed: salvage work in 2014 found two rememberers who had learned Kwadi as children and used it as a secret language — dormant-remembered, not cleanly missing, which by itself bars Class A Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2. | Class B (conflict on the face of the line) |
| 1981–1983 (CEH genocide window; conflict 1960–1996) | Maya peoples of Guatemala (general entry — the four CEH regions follow severally) | Where: Guatemala How they lived: Milpa agriculture — a polyculture centred on maize, beans and squash, with home gardens, terracing, raised fields and managed forest gardens; city-state political order historically (competing/allied kingdoms, not a single empire); calendrical knowledge (Tzolk'in, Haab', Long Count) (knowledge/maya.md; practices/farming.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Guatemalan state counterinsurgency — army campaign plans (Victoria 82; operational plan Sofía) executed as scorched earth: communities surrounded or taken when gathered, inhabitants separated and killed, villages destroyed, houses and crops burned, livestock slaughtered, water fouled, sacred places destroyed. CEH found the acts were not isolated excesses but the execution of counterinsurgency strategy; the army's "internal enemy" doctrine (the perpetrators' category) was expanded to whole Maya communities. How they were killed: CEH documented floor: 42,275 victims registered case by case (23,671 arbitrary executions; 6,159 forced disappearances); 83% of fully identified victims were Maya; the state was responsible for 93% of violations. 626 massacres documented (NOT "626 villages" — village destruction is a separate finding: some 400 or more villages destroyed; one summary gives 440 Maya villages destroyed 1981–1983). CEH conflict-wide estimate, printed as an estimate: more than 200,000 people killed or disappeared, 1960–1996, whole population — NOT a Maya-only toll and NOT a documented count. Sexual violence: CEH registered 1,465 acts of rape/sexual violence, expressly a floor; 88.7% of documented victims Maya women; the CEH concluded rape was a widespread, systematic practice of state agents and a weapon of terror. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §1–§5. | Documented (truth-commission finding of genocide, 1999 — see 1999 entry) |
| 1981–1983 | Maya-Achi | Where: Municipality of Rabinal, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala How they lived: Milpa agriculture (maize, beans, squash polyculture) (knowledge/maya.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Agents of the State of Guatemala — counterinsurgency operations 1981–1983 (see general 1981 entry) How they were killed: CEH finding: acts of genocide against the Maya-Achi of Rabinal under the Convention definition. Region-specific death figure: OWED Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §3. | Documented (CEH genocide finding) |
| 1981–1983 (see also 2013) | Maya-Ixil | Where: Municipalities of Nebaj, Cotzal (San Juan Cotzal) and Chajul, El Quiché, Guatemala — the Ixil region How they lived: Milpa agriculture (maize, beans, squash polyculture) and Maya calendrical tradition (knowledge/maya.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Agents of the State of Guatemala — counterinsurgency operations 1981–1983 (see general 1981 entry). The later Ríos Montt case as charged concerned the Maya Ixil under his rule: 1,771 Maya Ixil killed, some 29,000 forcibly displaced, sexual violence and torture, in fifteen massacres and the operations around them (prosecution case as summarised by FIDH, 2013). How they were killed: CEH finding: acts of genocide against the Maya-Ixil in this region (see general entry for documented floors). Trial charge figures as above, carried as the prosecution case. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §3, §7. | Documented (CEH genocide finding) |
| 1981–1983 | Maya-K'iche' | Where: Municipality of Zacualpa, El Quiché, Guatemala (the CEH genocide conclusion for this region is stated for Zacualpa, and is carried at that level) How they lived: Milpa agriculture (maize, beans, squash polyculture); the Popol Vuh is the K'iche' Maya creation and history account, written in K'iche' in Latin letters in the 1550s (knowledge/maya.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Agents of the State of Guatemala — counterinsurgency operations 1981–1983 (see general 1981 entry) How they were killed: CEH finding: acts of genocide against the Maya-K'iche' of Zacualpa under the Convention definition. Region-specific death figure: OWED Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §3. | Documented (CEH genocide finding) |
| 1981–1983 | Maya-Q'anjob'al and Maya-Chuj | Where: Municipalities of Barillas, Nentón and San Mateo Ixtatán, northern Huehuetenango, Guatemala How they lived: Milpa agriculture (maize, beans, squash polyculture) and Maya calendrical tradition (knowledge/maya.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: Agents of the State of Guatemala — counterinsurgency operations 1981–1983 (see general 1981 entry) How they were killed: CEH finding: agents of the State committed acts of genocide against groups of the Maya people in this region under the Genocide Convention definition — the only common denominator of the victims was belonging to the specific ethnic group, including children and the elderly who "could not possibly have been military targets." Region-specific death figure: OWED Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §3. | Documented (CEH genocide finding) |
| Mid-1980s (massacre; physical evidence found by FUNAI in 1985); official contact October 1995 (7 people) | Akuntsu | Where: Rio Omerê (Igarapé Omerê) Indigenous Territory, Rondônia, Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazil's military-era Amazon development push from the 1970s (BR-364 highway, land titles for clearing) brought ranchers, loggers and speculators into Akuntsu territory; because official contact would make the forest an Indigenous reserve closed to ranching and logging, gunmen employed by ranchers attacked the Akuntsu; in 1985 FUNAI found an entire maloca bulldozed and covered with earth to hide the attack How they were killed: A village of about 30 individuals in the mid-1980s; more than 15 dead, named by the survivor Konibu; Pupak was shot in the back fleeing and bears the scars; the count then fell: 7 at contact (1995), 6 (January 2000), 5 (October 2009), the last man died in 2016 (one reference line, 26 May 2016, "down to four") or 2017 (AP/FUNAI 2026 position adopted in the file, leaving three women) — the conflict is recorded in the file, not resolved here Outcome: LIVING TODAY — a people of four as of December 2025: three women (Pugapia, Aiga, Babawru) and a son, Akyp, born 8 December 2025; critically endangered, not extinct; observers cited across the record describe what was done as genocide — that characterisation is attributed in the file, not adopted as its own legal finding Record: akuntsu.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); peoples-register.md (Akuntsu line). | peoples-register status LIVING TODAY (akuntsu.md status: critically endangered, not extinct) |
| March 1988 (see also 2001) | Ticuna | Where: Capacete (Helmet), Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Massacre treated by the Brazilian courts as genocide from 1994 (perpetrator detail beyond the file's summary: OWED) How they were killed: Four killed, nineteen wounded, ten disappeared (Capacete massacre, March 1988). Legal follow-on at 2001 entry. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-haximu.md §5. | Documented |
| 1988 (last known speaker murdered in 1988) | ǁXegwi (self-name Tlou'thle, "people of rock and water") | Where: Lake Chrissie (Chrissiesmeer), Mpumalanga, South Africa How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: The language's last known speaker, Jopi Mabinda, was murdered in 1988; a Mail & Guardian report (2011) suggested the language might still have been spoken in the Chrissiesmeer district — printed on the line, unresolved Outcome: Ended as a separate people; descendants continue absorbed among neighbouring peoples Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2. | Class B |
| 1991 — a field evaluation published after a decade of work among the same people. | The Dogon people of Mali, and the restudying anthropologist (named in the extraction file's Research log only). | Where: The Bandiagara region of Mali. How they lived: As in the 1950 entry — the restudy worked with, among others, informants of the original research circle. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: The Sirius lore was not found as described: the double star unknown, the companion's mass and period absent, the star's very identification disputed among informants. Contamination through earlier European contact stands as the documented alternative. The restudy is DOCUMENTED; the original account remains DEBATED. Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED. |
| US trade embargo on unified Vietnam lifted 3 February 1994; diplomatic normalisation 11 July 1995; Vietnam published its official war-dead figures and joined ASEAN in 1995 | the Vietnamese people; the United States. | Where: Vietnam; relations normalised between Hanoi and Washington How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a war entry — the war's diplomatic aftermath, twenty years after its end How they were killed: Not a killing entry — say so as the record does; the war's own counting stands in the 1965–1975 entry Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §3; class-vietnam-war-grades-10-13 §§7–8. | Documented. |
| 1989 — operation begins; the collider runs until 2000. | The CERN laboratory and its collaborating institutes across its member states and beyond. | Where: The ring tunnel under the border plain and the Jura foothills between France and Switzerland; the collaboration worldwide. How they lived: Precision physics at scale — electrons and positrons collided to measure the carriers of the weak force to parts in thousands, results published openly. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: LEP's precision programme completed, its tunnel left ready for the machine that would replace it — the LHC. The same year, at the same laboratory, the proposal that became the World Wide Web was written. DOCUMENTED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| Berlin Wall falls 9 November 1989; German reunification 3 October 1990; Warsaw Pact dissolved 1991; USSR dissolved 25–26 December 1991 | the peoples of Eastern Europe, who left the Soviet camp state by state through 1989; the peoples of the Soviet Union. | Where: Eastern Europe and the USSR How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: No war between the camps: the Eastern European revolutions of 1989 proceeded without the Soviet invasions of 1956 and 1968; Romania's December was violent (deaths c. 1,100 in the standard accountings — Debated in detail) How they were killed: Not a mass-killing entry — the Cold War ended by internal collapse, the only great-power rivalry of the modern age to end so; the causes remain Debated in the scholarship Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §1; class-cold-war-grades-10-13 §7. | Documented as to dates; Debated as to causes. |
| 3 June 1992 (Mabo v Queensland (No 2)) | Meriam people; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (native title) | Where: Murray Islands / Australia How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples standing — the High Court, 6:1, rejected terra nullius and recognised native title (the Meriam people "entitled as against the whole world to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of (most of) the lands of the Murray Islands"); the Native Title Act 1993 followed Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §7.1. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact) |
| 23 November 1993 (Apology Resolution, Public Law 103-150) | Native Hawaiians (Kānaka Maoli) | Where: Hawaiʻi / United States How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on 17 January 1893 by a committee of non-Hawaiian residents with the participation of the US Minister John L. Stevens and the landing of US naval forces; annexation by the Newlands Resolution in 1898 (a joint resolution, not a treaty of cession) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — Congress apologised "for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 17, 1893 … and the deprivation of the rights of Native Hawaiians to self-determination" and acknowledged the overthrow as "illegal"; §3 of the same law states nothing in it "is intended to serve as a settlement of any claims against the United States" — an apology and acknowledgment of illegality that by its own terms settles no claims and restores no land or sovereignty Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §3.3. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact — primary text, at its exact weight) |
| surveys 1993 and 1996 (site placed on the National Priorities List 1983; mining c. 1900–1970s) | Quapaw Nation area — Native children tested in the Tar Creek area | Where: Tar Creek Superfund site, Oklahoma — former Tri-State lead/zinc mining district, in and around the Quapaw Nation and Picher, Cardin, Quapaw How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Legacy lead/zinc mining waste (chat) left in place, used for roads, driveways, foundations and playgrounds. Harm documented; extermination intent NOT documented in the file. How they were killed: Indian Health Service, 1993: ~34–35% of Native children tested in the area had blood lead levels above the then CDC level of concern (10 µg/dL), 15% above 20 µg/dL. 1996 blood-lead surveys (EPA Record of Decision): 38.3% of children tested in Picher above 10 µg/dL, 62.5% in Cardin, 13.4% in Quapaw, against a statewide average of ~2%. EPA remedy was mass residential soil removal; Picher largely bought out and emptied. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: modern-mechanisms-contamination.md §2. | Documented (harm documented; intent not documented, as filed) |
| June–July 1993 (two attacks) (see also 1996, 2006, 2009) | Yanomami — community of Haximu (Haximu-teri) | Where: Haximu, Venezuelan side of the Brazil–Venezuela line, Yanomami Indigenous Territory (demarcated 1992); prosecuted in Brazil by bilateral agreement How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazilian garimpeiros (illegal gold miners) invading Yanomami territory — the "gold mining trap" dynamic (Albert): gifts, then the Yanomami treated as nuisances obstructing the workings, then violence. First attack: garimpeiros killed four or five young Yanomami men. Yanomami reprisal (part of the record): at least two miners killed, two wounded. Second attack: garimpeiros returned, killed about twelve Yanomami — almost all elderly, youths or infants (MPF complaint breakdown: twelve shot and cut with machetes — one adult man, two elderly women, one woman, three adolescents, four children, one baby) — and burned the village and communal house. How they were killed: Total: 16 Yanomami killed. Early inflated reports (73 dead; a leader's reported 20) were examined and rejected; the established figure is 16. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-haximu.md §1–§2. | Documented (prosecuted to final judgment as genocide — see 1996, 2006, 2009) |
| since February 1995 (advisory still in effect at the file's federal listing of 10 September 2026, with no projected lifting date) | Neskantaga First Nation | Where: Northwestern Ontario, Canada (Treaty 9 north) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Boil-water advisory in effect since February 1995 — over thirty-one years, the longest-standing in Canada — applying to a community of a few hundred people. Context in file: as of 13 August 2026 Indigenous Services Canada counted 40 long-term drinking-water advisories in 38 First Nations, and 156 lifted since November 2015; the 2015 federal commitment to end all long-term advisories by March 2021 was not met. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: modern-mechanisms-contamination.md §6. | Documented |
| 1996–2000 (programme; surgical campaign at greatest intensity 1996–1997) | Poor, rural, Indigenous, Quechua-speaking women of the Andean highlands and Amazonian regions (Peru) — departments incl. Cusco, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Huánuco, Cajamarca, Piura | Where: Peru How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Peruvian state Reproductive Health and Family Planning Programme (1996–2000) under President Alberto Fujimori, run through the Ministry of Health (MINSA); surgical component promoted as Anticoncepción Quirúrgica Voluntaria (AQV — "voluntary" is the programme's own category, quoted and labelled). Mechanism documented by Peru's own investigations: numerical targets/quotas on health personnel, incentives and sanctions, mass campaign "festivals," consent obtained by deception, pressure or not at all (threats incl. loss of children's health care, non-registration of newborns, fines). Defensoría del Pueblo (1998, 1999), the ministry's own report (July 2002) and a congressional commission (2002) all found coercion; the congressional commission established sterilizations were conducted "without the consent of the patients, using pressure and psychological violence, or in exchange for food or economic incentives." A congressional report formulated constitutional charges of genocide against Fujimori — the commission's charge, labelled as such; Congress rejected the evidence for those charges and the genocide charge did not proceed. No court has convicted any official of genocide or a crime against humanity for this programme (prosecutions at 2003, 2014, 2021 entries). How they were killed: MINSA's own 2002 series, printed unreconciled with the other official tallies exactly as filed: 215,227 tubal ligations and 16,547 vasectomies, 1996–2000 (1993–1995: 80,395 ligations, 2,798 vasectomies). Conflicting tallies, printed not resolved: 346,219 women and 24,535 men sterilized 1993–2000 (later ministry-based summaries); Defensoría tally 272,028 ligations and 22,004 vasectomies. The totals count procedures performed, NOT procedures proven coerced — no investigated total of coerced procedures exists. Deaths: no investigated programme total exists; investigated-case deaths documented in the teens — 18 women died (Amnesty International, 2014, summarising Defensoría-era documentation); 16 deaths among the 2,074 identified complainants (Defensoría-derived prosecutorial-era summary) — both printed, unreconciled. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: peru-sterilizations.md §1–§6. | Documented (official tallies unreconciled, as filed) |
| 20 December 1996 (first-instance conviction) (see also 1993, 2006, 2009) | Yanomami — Haximu (see 1993) | Where: Federal Court, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil (Process No. 93.000574-0) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Federal Judge Itagiba Catta Preta Neto convicted five garimpeiros — Pedro Emiliano Garcia, Eliézio Monteiro Neri, Juvenal Silva, Francisco Alves Rodrigues and João Pereira de Morais — of genocide, damage to property and criminal association. Judgment's reasoning [PRIMARY DOCUMENT]: the garimpeiros "killed all the indigenous people they encountered in their path. Men, women, children… not directed toward any specific indigenous individual, but rather toward all the members of the ethnic group." Sentence: 20 years and six months in the IACHR text; Brazilian summaries give 19–20 years and 19–22 years plus six months — range printed, not resolved. The TRF-1 overturned on competence grounds 30 June 1998 (jury-court holding); the STJ restored federal competence in 2000 (decision dated 12 September 2000 in the IACHR footnote, 12 November 2000 in its body — both dates stand in the Commission's report). How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-haximu.md §4.1–§4.3. | Documented (court judgment) |
| 7 October 1997 (King Harald V's apology) | Sámi | Where: Norway (Sápmi) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — King Harald V apologised on 7 October 1997: the Norwegian state, "through a harsh Norwegianization policy," had inflicted injustice on the Sámi (his words as carried in the file); official apology Documented (1997), no genocide finding Record: asia-and-the-north.md §6.1. | not classed in the record (Documented apology) |
| night of 26 April 1998 (see also 1998 REMHI entry) | Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera (presenter of REMHI) | Where: Garage of his parish house, Guatemala City, Guatemala How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Gerardi, auxiliary bishop and head of the Archdiocese's Human Rights Office, presented Never Again publicly on 24 April 1998; two days later he was beaten to death. Valuables on his person were untouched; robbery was not treated as a credible motive. In June 2001, in the first trial of military officers before a civilian court in Guatemalan history, three army officers were convicted of his murder and sentenced to long prison terms, with a priest convicted as an accomplice (sentences reduced on appeal 2005, upheld in substance 2007). Who ordered the killing above those convicted: OWED — ordered by the trial court to remain under investigation; no further attribution is carried. How they were killed: 1 — Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §6. | Documented |
| 24 April 1998 (presented) | Maya and other victims of Guatemala's internal armed conflict | Where: Guatemala City cathedral, Guatemala How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: REMHI (Recovery of Historical Memory Project) — the Catholic Church's interdiocesan documentation project, coordinated through the Archdiocese's Human Rights Office under Bishop Juan José Gerardi Conedera — presented its four-volume report Guatemala: Nunca Más (Guatemala: Never Again), built from thousands of testimonies gathered parish by parish from 1995. Contemporary accounts record it documented more than 55,000 cases of violations and attributed the great majority — at least 80% in contemporary summaries — to the army and state-linked forces. REMHI named mechanisms the CEH confirmed a year later and named over a thousand individual perpetrators; it did not itself issue the CEH's legal genocide finding (its language: mechanisms bearing "certain characteristics of genocide" — Oettler's summary). See also 1998 Gerardi entry and 1999 CEH entry. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §6. | Documented |
| After 1999 (reported still speaking in 1999; listed extinct as a language after 1999) | Aasax (Asa) | Where: Maasai steppe, Tanzania How they lived: Hunter-gatherers of the Maasai steppe country The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Ended in the record; descendants continue absorbed among Maasai and neighbouring peoples, no Asa polity descending; evidence class catalogue-plus-absorption, labelled thin in the census Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §11; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part III §A2. | Class B |
| 25 February 1999 (final report presented) | Maya groups in the four regions studied in depth (see 1981 entries severally), and all victims of the conflict | Where: Guatemala How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Commission for Historical Clarification (CEH) — UN-sponsored, created by the Oslo Accord of 23 June 1994 — presented Guatemala: Memory of Silence, concluding that in the counterinsurgency operations of 1981–1983 agents of the State of Guatemala committed acts of genocide against groups of the Maya people in the four regions, under the Genocide Convention definition. The hemisphere's only truth-commission finding of genocide. The finding stands independent of the later trial's fate (see 2013 entry). How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §1, §3, §9. | Documented (official truth-commission finding) |
| 1999; with the narrowing counts of 1971, 1975 and c. 1735 carried in this entry | Taushiro | Where: The Tigre River basin in Loreto, the northern Peruvian Amazon — traditionally on right-bank western tributaries of the middle Tigre How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: The Jesuit mission of San José de los Pinches never counted more than 200 residents, with probable Taushiro speakers no more than ~150 by c. 1735, reduced by disease and flight; a pre-contact population "on the order of some 4,000" is a modelled extrapolation in the file (O'Hagan), carried as such. The twentieth-century counts collapse in the file: 18 Taushiro in two groups in 1971; seven speakers in 1975; one speaker in an ethnic population of 20 by SIL's 2000 count. The last five speakers at the Aucayacu encampment died in sequence — a brother paralysed after a snakebite, an aunt of measles, the father of malaria — until, in 1999, Amadeo García García hauled his dying brother Juan from a canoe and spoke Taushiro with him for the last time; Juan died of malaria (Casey, 2017, in the file) Outcome: Census Class A line stands flagged for the owner's ruling — see the 2017 Taushiro entry, which carries the file's correction box exactly; this account files the narrative without asserting an ending the sources have not yet recorded, as the file states Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.19. | Documented |
| 1 April 1999 (the territory created; the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement signed 1993) | Inuit of the eastern and central Arctic — Nunavut's population, Inuit the large majority — within Inuit Nunangat. | Where: The eastern Arctic — a fifth of Canada's land mass, with its waters and ice How they lived: Inuit governed the Arctic for a millennium before Ottawa administered it (Thule ancestry, sea-ice law and knowledge); the twentieth century brought disc numbers, relocations, and settlement centralization, documented by the Qikiqtani Truth Commission (dossier §§9.3, 11 of the nations page record) The war or conquest — and who did it: No war — negotiation: the largest land-claim settlement in area in Canadian history, between Inuit (through the Tunngavik federation) and Canada, ratified and constitutionally protected under section 35 How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a creation entry: the first change to Canada's internal map by Indigenous agreement since the provinces were drawn Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §11.3. | Documented. |
ERA 8 — 2000 TO THE PRESENT: FINDINGS, APOLOGIES, AND THE PEOPLES STANDING
The register's present tense. Convictions affirmed and made final; apologies at apology weight — Australia 2008, California 2019, Germany and Mexico 2021, Maskwacis and Gila River 2022–2024; the Doctrine of Discovery repudiated by its issuing institution in 2023. Beside them, the claims still live — Greenland's spiral campaign in process, the Yanomami emergency under investigation — and the peoples still ending and still standing: the last Eyak speaker dies in 2008, Boa Sr in 2010, Marie Wilcox in 2021, Cristina Calderón in 2022 — and in 2026 the Siraya, filed for a century as absorbed, are recognised in law.
| When | People | The record | Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| Annually since 1992 (vote series continuing at this file's date); the embargo itself imposed 1960–62, codified by Helms–Burton 1996 | the Cuban people, living under the embargo's record; the member states of the United Nations. | Where: Cuba; the votes at UN Headquarters, New York How they lived: OWED The war or conquest — and who did it: No war: the longest economic embargo of the modern era, maintained by the United States against Cuba's successive governments, and annually condemned by near-unanimous General Assembly majorities (Documented as votes) How they were killed: Not a killing entry — Cuba's cumulative damage accounting is a Claim by kind (a government figure, not independently audited); the embargo's share in ordinary Cuban hardship versus the Cuban state's own policies is Debated in the scholarship Outcome: OWED Record: THE_COLD_WAR_RESEARCH_2026-10-28.md §4; class-cold-war-world-grades-10-13 §3. | Documented (votes, dates); Claim (damage total). |
| 2000. | no people — a novel, and the symbols in circulation with it | Where: in print — Dan Brown's Angels & Demons. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — fiction: the Illuminati enter mass fiction as the Vatican's ancient enemy. How they were killed: — Outcome: the dollar-bill eye and pyramid, in circulation with the name, are the Great Seal's — adopted 1782 as a conventional Eye of Providence, placed on the dollar in 1935; the order's own emblem was the Owl of Minerva. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part III §3.8; Annex A. | the novel DOCUMENTED as fiction; the Seal's history DOCUMENTED; the attribution to the order CLAIM. |
| 2001 (convictions); appeal November 2004 (see also 1988) | Ticuna | Where: Brazil (Capacete proceedings) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Thirteen men were convicted of genocide in 2001 for the March 1988 Capacete massacre. On appeal in November 2004 the man convicted of hiring the killers was acquitted and the others' sentences were reduced to 12 years. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-haximu.md §5. | Documented (court record as filed) |
| 2002 (apology at Samoa's 40th anniversary of independence) | Samoans | Where: Samoa / New Zealand How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — Prime Minister Helen Clark delivered a formal apology for "injustices arising from New Zealand's administration of Samoa," naming the mishandling of the 1918 epidemic and the events of 1929, and describing that early administration as "inept and incompetent" — a state apology for administrative injustice, not a genocide finding Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §6.2. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact — apology at its exact weight) |
| 26 August 2003 (friendly settlement signed; IACHR Report No. 71/03) (see also 1996 Peru entry, 2014, 2021) | María Mamérita Mestanza Chávez — campesina from Cajamarca, Peru | Where: Peru / Inter-American Commission on Human Rights How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Mestanza was, on the petitioners' case accepted for friendly settlement, pressured by repeated health-worker visits into a tubal ligation in 1998, received inadequate care when complications followed, and died. In the friendly settlement the Peruvian state acknowledged responsibility, agreed to compensate her family, and undertook to investigate and punish those responsible for the programme [PRIMARY LEGAL DOCUMENT]. The compensation was paid; the promised prosecution is the subject of the 2014 and 2021 entries. How they were killed: 1 — María Mamérita Mestanza Chávez (documented individual case) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: peru-sterilizations.md §6. | Documented (friendly settlement) |
| 3 August 2006 (see also 1993, 1996, 2009) | Yanomami — Haximu (see 1993) | Where: Supreme Federal Court (STF), Brazil — Extraordinary Appeal RE 351,487 How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The STF, in plenary session, unanimously rejected the convicted men's appeal and reaffirmed that the crime known as the Haximu massacre was genocide, within the competence of the federal courts. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-haximu.md §4.4. | Documented (apex-court ruling) |
| Judgment 13 December 2006 (case brought 2002); water appeal decided 27 January 2011. | San residents of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve — principally G/wi, G//ana and Bakgalagadi — led in litigation by Roy Sesana and the First People of the Kalahari.. | Where: The Central Kalahari Game Reserve, proclaimed in 1961 in documents that protected the residents' hunting livelihood and the game together; relocated settlements at New Xade and Kaudwane. How they lived: Hunting and gathering in the reserve their people had occupied from time immemorial — the possession the court found lawful. The war or conquest — and who did it: Not a war — a removal by a democratic state: the government terminated services inside the reserve in 2002 and relocated the residents; the government maintained the moves were voluntary development; the applicants testified they were forced. How they were killed: Not a killing entry in the court's findings — one judge held that the combined stoppage of food rations and hunting licences was tantamount to condemning the remaining residents to death by starvation; the judgment's remedy was return, not a toll. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/botswana/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §7. | DOCUMENTED (both holdings printed; motive DEBATED). |
| 13 February 2008 (National Apology, Australia); 6 June 2008 (Diet resolution, Japan) — two lands, filed as two entries at this date (Australia first) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Stolen Generations) | Where: Australia (Parliament of Australia) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples standing — Prime Minister Kevin Rudd apologised "for the laws and policies of successive Parliaments and governments that have inflicted profound grief, suffering and loss," especially for the removal of children ("we say sorry"); the apology was to the Stolen Generations and for the laws and policies, did not use the word genocide, and did not address the frontier wars — printed at exactly that scope Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §7.1. | not classed in the record (Documented Fact) |
| 6 June 2008 (Diet resolution); 21 January 2008 is the Eyak line at this date — see separate Eyak entry | Ainu | Where: Japan How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — on 6 June 2008 both houses of the Diet resolved to recognise the Ainu as an Indigenous people of Japan (see 2019 entry for the statute) Record: asia-and-the-north.md §2. | Class C (the land's filing; recognition Documented) |
| 21 January 2008 (last native speaker died) | Eyak (dAXunhyuu) | Where: South-central Alaska coast — Copper River Delta, Cordova / Eyak, east to Yakutat, USA How they lived: Villages dependent on Copper River salmon fishing (American canneries later competed with Eyak fishers for that salmon, per the file) The war or conquest — and who did it: Disease (smallpox and influenza), assimilation by neighbours and by English (Tlingit pressure/intermarriage to the east, Chugach pressure to the west), and economic displacement by American canneries; regular conversation in Eyak ceased after the death of Minnie Stevens in March 1961 How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — about 50 people, no surviving fluent native speakers; Marie Smith Jones (born 14 May 1918) died 21 January 2008 aged 89 — with her death the language became extinct as a native-speaker language, and it is now classified Dormant (EGIDS 9) with an active reawakening effort (Eyak Language Project); peoples-register status DORMANT / REAWAKENING Record: eyak.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.3; peoples-register.md (Eyak line). | Class C in census terms (language gone, people living — census §2.3); eyak.md status: Extinct as a native-speaker language (2008), now Dormant |
| 18 June 2004. | The Government of India, through its Department of Atomic Energy, as giver; the CERN laboratory, its Director-General and staff, as receiver. | Where: The statue stands at Meyrin, between Buildings 39 and 40, where it remains on permanent display. How they lived: A scientific partnership dating to the 1960s, marked in the diplomatic form of a gift between a state and an international laboratory. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: Shiva as Lord of the Dance stands at a physics laboratory under a plaque quoting Capra's The Tao of Physics — in the record, all three at once and unmerged: a gift, a physicists' metaphor for creation and destruction in subatomic matter, and a sacred image whose own tradition reads the five acts — creation, preservation, destruction, veiling and grace. DOCUMENTED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §3. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 10 September 2008. | The CERN laboratory and the worldwide collaborations that built the Large Hadron Collider and its detectors. | Where: The 27-kilometre LEP tunnel under the Franco-Swiss border, and the collaborating institutes on every continent. How they lived: Big science in the open: a machine a decade in building, commissioned before the world's press, its formal safety assessments (2003; updated 2008) published for anyone to read — concluding no conceivable threat, microscopic black holes included. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. (Nine days later a magnet fault damaged the machine and delayed collisions; no one was killed.) Outcome: The highest-energy collider ever built is running. Within days, the portal circulation that §5 of the record documents begins around it — the machine DOCUMENTED, the gates claimed for it CLAIM. DOCUMENTED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 1 September 2009 (TRF-1 upheld convictions); 3 November 2009 (res judicata) (see also 1993, 1996, 2006) | Yanomami — Haximu (see 1993) | Where: Federal Regional Court of the 1st Region (TRF-1), Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: TRF-1 upheld the genocide convictions, adding one year and two months for destruction, theft or concealment of a corpse; the decision became res judicata — final — on 3 November 2009, sixteen years from massacre to unappealable judgment. Sentences as served: sentence-progression released most of the men after less than three years; Francisco Alves Rodrigues died before being imprisoned; by 2013 only João Pereira de Morais remained in prison. Standing, stated exactly in the file: Haximu is the first genocide conviction in Brazilian legal history, and the only one carried up through the STJ and affirmed as genocide, unanimously, by the Supreme Federal Court — the hemisphere's one domestic genocide judgment against the killers of Indigenous people affirmed at the apex court and final. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-haximu.md §4.5–§5. | Documented (final judgment) |
| 26 January 2010 (Boa Sr died) | Aka-Bo | Where: Port Blair / Strait Island, Andaman Islands (India) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: The Bo language ended with Boa Sr, its last speaker (aged about 85, died at Port Blair 26 January 2010); the Bo people did not end — people identifying as Bo stand in the Strait Island community (15 of 40 in 1994) Record: asia-and-the-north.md §1.3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §1.2. | Class B |
| 12 October 2010 | Indigenous communities of El Salvador (see also 1932) | Where: First Congress of Indigenous Peoples, El Salvador How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: President Mauricio Funes made the state's first apology of this kind, in his own words: his government wished to be "the first government to, on behalf of the State of El Salvador… make an act of contrition and apologize to the indigenous communities for the persecution and extermination of which they were victims during so many years." An acknowledgment, not an investigation; no investigation has followed it. No truth commission exists for 1932. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: la-matanza-1932.md §7. | Documented (state apology, at an apology's weight) |
| 4 July 2012. | The ATLAS and CMS collaborations — thousands of physicists, engineers and students in institutes worldwide — announcing jointly at CERN. | Where: Meyrin, Geneva, for the announcement; the collaborations in their home institutes across the world. How they lived: Two independent experiments, built to check each other, analysing collision data blind and in parallel until each could stand behind the result alone. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: A new boson of about 125 GeV, consistent with the Higgs boson predicted in 1964, completes the Standard Model's roster — the documented high-water mark of the laboratory founded in 1954. DOCUMENTED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §2. | DOCUMENTED. |
| July 2012 (reports circulated late August 2012) (see also 1993) | Yanomami — community of Irotatheri (alleged) | Where: Irotatheri, Alto Orinoco, Venezuela How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Reports originating with the Yanomami organisation Horonami alleged garimpeiros attacked Irotatheri from a helicopter, firing on a communal house (shabono) of about 80 people, with only a handful of survivors. A Venezuelan team of military officers, prosecutors and officials found no evidence of any killings; journalists flown to Irotatheri found the community intact and its people denying any attack; Survival International retracted its initial version. Indigenous organisations objected the team had not reached the exact site; the Inter-American Commission urged a thorough investigation on 5 September 2012. No substantiation — no bodies, no survivor testimony, no judicial finding — has ever been produced. Must never be shelved with Haximu. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-haximu.md §6. | CLAIM — claimed, not evidenced, exactly as filed |
| 10 May 2013 AND 20 May 2013 — both halves, always together (see also 1981 Ixil entry) | Maya-Ixil | Where: Guatemala — High Risk Court; Constitutional Court How they lived: Milpa agriculture (maize, beans, squash polyculture) (knowledge/maya.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: FIRST HALF — conviction, 10 May 2013: a High Risk Court (Judge Yassmín/Jazmín Barrios presiding; trial opened 19 March 2013) convicted former head of state José Efraín Ríos Montt of genocide and crimes against humanity and sentenced him to 80 years (50 for genocide, 30 for crimes against humanity) — the first time a former head of state had been convicted of genocide by a court of his own country. Co-accused Rodríguez Sánchez was acquitted. SECOND HALF — annulment, 20 May 2013: the Constitutional Court (3–2) annulled the conviction on procedural grounds — the trial should have been halted on 19 April 2013 over defence-representation disputes — voiding everything from 19 April 2013 onward, including the verdict, and ordering the trial rolled back to that point. The annulment was procedural: it did not rule the evidence failed, did not find the killings had not occurred, and did not acquit. The retrial never completed; Ríos Montt died 1 April 2018, neither standing convicted in law nor acquitted — never finally adjudicated. How they were killed: Charge as prosecuted: 1,771 Maya Ixil killed, some 29,000 forcibly displaced, sexual violence and torture, in fifteen massacres and surrounding operations (prosecution case as summarised by FIDH, 2013) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §7. | Documented (both halves, as filed) |
| 8 April 2014 (see also 1959, 1973) | Aché | Where: Argentine court (filing) — universal jurisdiction How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Aché — through their national federation, with legal advice from jurist Baltasar Garzón (Survival International's account, 2014) — filed a 52-page complaint of genocide and crimes against humanity against the Aché during the Stroessner government, invoking universal jurisdiction. Documented Fact here is the filing and its basis; no judgment in the Argentine case is carried, because no outcome at this record's standard was established in the sources consulted. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: the people standing — roughly 1,500–2,000 Aché in six legally recognised communities in the early 2020s (estimates in the summary literature, not a census figure): Cerro Morotí, Ypetymí, Puerto Barra, Chupa Pou, Kuetuvy, Arroyo Bandera Record: the-ache-contested.md §7. | Documented (filing); underlying characterisation DEBATED/contested as at 1973 entry |
| 10 December 2014 (Final Report delivered) | Indigenous peoples of Brazil (see 1946 set-entry and the ten severally) | Where: Brazil — Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV), created by Law No. 12,528/2011 How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: CNV Final Report, Volume II, Text 5, "Violations of the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples," concluded the violations were systemic — the direct result of structural state policies, the state responsible by direct action and omission — and recognised, in the Commission's words: "The Brazilian state, through the CNV, recognises its responsibility, by direct action or omission, in the dispossession of Indigenous lands illegally occupied in the period investigated and in the other grave violations of human rights committed against Indigenous peoples…" The chapter closed with 13 recommendations incl. a public apology and a specific national truth commission for Indigenous peoples. The CNV had no prosecutorial power; its findings produced no prosecutions. In 2024 the Amnesty Commission for the first time approved collective reparation (public apology, no financial indemnity) for two peoples — the Krenak and the Guarani-Kaiowá. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7.1, §7.4. | Documented (official truth-commission finding) — cited here from brazil-figueiredo-and-cnv.md §7 |
| 26 June 2014 (judgment delivered, *Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia*, 2014 SCC 44) | the Tsilhqot'in Nation (Chilcotin) of the British Columbia plateau. | Where: Their territory in the BC interior — some 1,700 square kilometres declared Aboriginal title land by the judgment, within a larger claim area How they lived: A semi-nomadic nation occupying its territory in its own mode — villages, hunting, fishing and gathering grounds under Tsilhqot'in law — the mode of occupation the Court held sufficient to ground title (dossier §11.2) The war or conquest — and who did it: No war in this entry — a judgment: the Supreme Court of Canada, unanimous, declared for the first time that Aboriginal title had been proven, on land never ceded by treaty; the nation's own earlier record includes the Chilcotin War of 1864, in which five Tsilhqot'in chiefs were hanged after surrendering under a flag of truce — exonerated by British Columbia in 2014 and by Canada in 2018 How they were killed: Not a killing entry — a title entry; the 1864 hangings are named here as the nation's record within it, at the level the dossier carries them Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/canada/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §11.2. | Documented (court judgment). |
| 22 January 2014 (prosecutor's decision; shelving sequence 2004–2023 at 2021 entry) (see also 1996, 2003) | Victims of Peru's sterilization programme (see 1996) | Where: Lima, Peru How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Lima supra-provincial prosecutor Marco Guzmán Baca decided to file charges in only one case — against the medical staff in Mestanza's death — and not to charge Fujimori or his ministers, holding the complaints would not be classed as crimes against humanity. Sequence in file: investigation opened 2004, shelved 2009, reopened 2011; reopened again May 2015; closed again December 2016 (prosecutor Gutiérrez); 2018 superior prosecutor Luis Landa overturned that closure and ordered charges framed against Fujimori, ministers Yong Motta, Costa Bauer and Aguinaga, and programme head Parra, on a complaint then standing at 2,166 women. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: peru-sterilizations.md §7. | Documented (prosecutorial record as filed) |
| 2015 (Final Report; summary and Calls to Action 2 June 2015, multi-volume report December 2015) (see also 1831) | First Nations, Inuit and Métis (Canada) | Where: Canada — Truth and Reconciliation Commission How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: OFFICIAL FINDING (framing-and-findings): the TRC found: "For over a century, the central goals of Canada's Aboriginal policy were to eliminate Aboriginal governments; ignore Aboriginal rights; terminate the Treaties; and, through a process of assimilation, cause Aboriginal peoples to cease to exist as distinct legal, social, cultural, religious, and racial entities in Canada… The establishment and operation of residential schools were a central element of this policy, which can best be described as 'cultural genocide.'" Precision, as filed: the TRC chose "cultural genocide," a term outside the 1948 Convention text, and distinguished it from physical and biological genocide in its own definitions. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: framing-and-findings.md §4. | Documented (official finding) |
| November 2015 (registry created) (see also 1996) | Victims of forced sterilization (Peru) | Where: Peru — Registro de Víctimas de Esterilizaciones Forzadas (REVIESP; also rendered REVIESFO), Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, under President Ollanta Humala How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: National registry offering registered victims priority health care and legal assistance. Registration snapshots (the registry was later left unfunded): 3,580 cases reported in its first year; 6,526 applications received in two years; at least 8,000 women identified in later official-derived summaries. The registry is a register of applicants whose claims the state recorded — not a verified total of the coerced, which does not exist. On 5 December 2022 a Peruvian court ruled for the first time that the sterilized women hold a constitutional right to reparations. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: peru-sterilizations.md §7. | Documented |
| 26 February 2016 | Maya Q'eqchi' women of Sepur Zarco | Where: Sepur Zarco, Guatemala — High Risk Court judgment How they lived: Milpa agriculture (maize, beans, squash polyculture) (knowledge/maya.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: A Guatemalan High Risk Court convicted two former military men — base commander Esteelmer Francisco Reyes Girón (120 years) and former military commissioner Heriberto Valdez Asij (240 years) — of crimes against humanity for the sexual violence, sexual and domestic slavery inflicted on Maya Q'eqchi' women of Sepur Zarco in the 1980s, after their husbands had been detained or disappeared in a land dispute. The court found the offences part of a deliberate army strategy against the local community. First case in which a national court tried sexual slavery as a crime in armed conflict in its own courtroom. These convictions were not annulled. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: guatemala-genocide-finding.md §5. | Documented (court judgment) |
| from about 2016; the movement's forum archive founded 2018. | no people — a migration of an idea, entered without naming any presenter or account, per this thread's standing rule. | Where: in English, on the open internet — discussion forums devoted to "Tartaria," to the "cultural layer," and to "stolen history," the movement's own name for the erasure. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a rebuilding: detached from its Russian-nationalist frame, the claim rebuilt itself around architecture and the "cultural layer" stratum of the early-to-mid 2010s Russian forums, in which the archaeologist's ordinary term for a city's accumulated deposit was retold as the deposit of a single event — a mud flood that buried a prior civilization at one stroke. The term mud flood and the buried-first-floor image both come from this stratum; building-by-building video examination carried the doctrine to its mass audience. How they were killed: — Outcome: by 2020 the claim stands in its Anglophone form entire: one advanced world civilization, a mud-flood destruction, a "reset" of repopulated cities and rewritten chronology — ready for its trade book. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §3.2. | the migration and the forums DOCUMENTED as the claim's history; the doctrine CLAIM. |
| 1 June 2016. | The Swiss Confederation and its railway builders; the Federal Council and neighbouring heads of government as guests; the director Volker Hesse and some 600 performers; and the nine tunnel workers who died building the work and are commemorated at it. | Where: The tunnel runs from Erstfeld (Uri) to Bodio (Ticino) through the Gotthard massif — over 200 kilometres from CERN at Meyrin. A different work, in a different part of the same country. How they lived: Alpine Switzerland: seventeen years of tunnelling through the mountain that divides its north from its south, opened with public theatre about the mountain itself — its workers, its spirits, its ibex, its dead and its rebirth. The war or conquest — and who did it: None — a civil opening, not a war record. The nine deaths were industrial, in construction, and are commemorated as such. How they were killed: The nine workers died in construction accidents across the seventeen years of building; a memorial at the work carries their names. Outcome: At 57 kilometres, the world's longest railway tunnel opens to service. Its opening pageant is DOCUMENTED public theatre — and is the footage later circulated, falsely, as the laboratory's ritual. This entry stands separate from the next by design: same summer, same country, no other connection at the record. DOCUMENTED. Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED — a directed public performance at a railway opening; expressly not the laboratory. |
| August 2016 — the video circulates online; the laboratory's public statement follows on 17–18 August 2016. | Unnamed persons holding legitimate CERN access badges, in costume, filming without permission at night before the Nataraja statue at Meyrin; the laboratory that investigated them. | Where: Meyrin, Geneva — the laboratory's own square, between its buildings. This is the laboratory entry; the Gotthard entry above is not. How they lived: Scientific users of an international laboratory, in the spokeswoman's documented phrase, who "let their humour go too far." The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry — no violence occurred; the "stabbing" in the video was staged. How they were killed: Nobody was killed. No victim, no death and no police homicide finding stands anywhere in the record. Outcome: DOCUMENTED at its resolution: a fiction, a spoof filmed without permission or knowledge of the laboratory, which does not condone it; the investigation internal, access controls tightened. The sinister readings that survive the resolution stand at CLAIM. DOCUMENTED (resolution) · CLAIM (sinister readings). Record: PORTALS_AND_CERN_2026-10-28.md, §4. | DOCUMENTED at its resolution — a staged fiction by persons holding site access; the sinister readings CLAIM. |
| July 2017 (Saskatoon external review); October 2017 (class action filed); Senate reports June 2021 and 14 July 2022 | Indigenous women (Canada — modern record) | Where: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and across Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Boyer & Bartlett External Review: Tubal Ligation in the Saskatoon Health Region (July 2017), commissioned after Indigenous women came forward in 2015–2016: documented the experiences of 16 women; most reported coercive sterilization between 2005 and 2010, the prompting cases dating 2008–2012 — pressure during labour or immediately after delivery, consent sought in exhaustion, pain or sedation, many not understanding tubal ligation was permanent. The Health Region apologised. From October 2017 a proposed class action was filed in Saskatchewan; after fall 2018 coverage, more than 100 further Indigenous women from five provinces came forward with allegations (allegations in litigation, not findings); counsel reported a case as recently as December 2018. Senate Standing Committee on Human Rights, The Scars That We Carry Part I (June 2021) and Part II (14 July 2022): found the practice persists today and disproportionately affects vulnerable and marginalised groups incl. Indigenous women; 13 recommendations incl. formal apology, compensation, and a specific Criminal Code offence (Bill S-250, introduced June 2022). No nationwide count exists and none is extrapolated in the file. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: sterilization-and-children.md §6. | Documented (review and parliamentary testimony; class-action claims are allegations, as filed) |
| 2017 | Taushiro | Where: Loreto, Peru; and Lima (the February 2017 medal) How they lived: The Ministry of Culture worked with Amadeo García García to build a database of 1,500 Taushiro words, 27 stories and three songs, and reported partial comprehension surviving among descendants of the Atontu'tua and Einontu'tua clans (Ministry reporting, 2017; Casey, 2017, in the file) The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: CORRECTION, carried from the file's correction box in §II.19: The Census (§5.1) files Taushiro Class A on Peruvian reporting, worded: "At his death in 2017, Amadeo García García was reported… as the last speaker of Taushiro and the last known member of his people." The file's first-hand checking shows the wording is wrong: in 2017 Amadeo García García was alive — honoured by Peru's Ministry of Culture on International Mother Language Day, flown to Lima for a medal in February 2017, and profiled by the New York Times on 26 December 2017 as the language's last living speaker. The Ministry, which does not itself endorse the journalistic label "the last Taushiro," reported partial comprehension surviving among descendants. The exact hedge is therefore "last fluent speaker" — a language reduced to one living voice, with descendants who partly comprehend it standing in the record. Whether Taushiro meets the Census's three-missing test today depends on facts the record consulted does not settle; the Census line stands flagged by this correction for the owner's ruling Record: genocide/how-they-were-exterminated.md §II.19, correction box. | Census Class A — as the file gives it, with the Census line flagged for the owner's ruling per the correction box in §II.19 |
| 2018 (data centred on 2018; published ECLAC & FILAC, 2020) | Indigenous peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (800+ peoples) | Where: Latin America and the Caribbean How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Present-day count, not a death count: ~58 million (~10% of the regional population). No official hemisphere total for today exists; national counts use incommensurable definitions and are not summed in the file except as labelled arithmetic. Outcome: the people standing — counted present population at the level the file gives it Record: missing-generations.md §1.4. | Documented (regional count as filed) |
| 2019 (Ainu Policy Promotion Act) | Ainu | Where: Japan How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — the 2019 Act was the first statute to state recognition of the Ainu as an Indigenous people in law and to prohibit discrimination; it has been criticised by Ainu voices on the record for carrying no apology, no land or fishing-rights restoration, and no self-determination provisions; the National Ainu Museum (Upopoy) opened in 2020 Record: asia-and-the-north.md §2. | Class C (the land's filing; recognition Documented) |
| 18 June 2019 | California Native American peoples | Where: California Indian Heritage Center site, near Sacramento, California How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: OFFICIAL APOLOGY NAMING GENOCIDE (framing-and-findings): Governor Gavin Newsom issued Executive Order N-15-19, apologising on behalf of the State of California and creating a Truth and Healing Council. His documented words: "It's called genocide. That's what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that's the way it needs to be described in the history books." Newsom cited the $1.3–1.51 million authorised by the state legislature in the 1850s for militia campaigns, and Governor Peter Burnett's 1851 address predicting "a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct." How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: framing-and-findings.md §5. | Documented (state apology / executive order) |
| September 2019 (launched) (see also 1831, 2025) | First Nations, Inuit and Métis children who died at residential schools (Canada) | Where: Canada — National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR), University of Manitoba How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The NCTR launched the National Student Memorial Register with 2,800 names of students who never returned home, displayed on a 50-metre Memorial Cloth, noting at launch an estimated ~1,900 further children were then unnamed and the list would grow. The Register is a living memorial register; the file cites its dated milestones rather than a single "current total." (TRC Commissioner Murray Sinclair's speculation of deaths in the "15–25 thousand range and maybe even more" is a speculation he offered as such — NOT a documented register count and not presented as a finding.) How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools.md §2. | Documented (register milestone as filed) |
| 3 June 2019 (Final Report — Reclaiming Power and Place); 4 June 2019 (government acceptance) | Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQQIA people (Canada) | Where: Canada — National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: OFFICIAL FINDING (framing-and-findings): the National Inquiry found violence against Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQQIA people in Canada is rooted in an ongoing, race-based genocide of Indigenous peoples, "empowered by colonial structures," with a Supplementary Report, "A Legal Analysis of Genocide" (2019), applying the UN Convention definition and distinguishing the "Holocaust prototype" from "colonial genocide." Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, 4 June 2019, stated the government accepted the Inquiry's finding that the violence "amounts to genocide." The finding remains legally and politically debated in Canada; the Inquiry itself noted formal liability is determined by judicial bodies. Both facts are recorded in the file. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: framing-and-findings.md §4. | Documented (official finding; debate as filed) |
| 20 February 2019 (letter); 11 April 2019 (delegation presented the case at The Hague) (see also 1861, 1878) | Mapuche | Where: International Criminal Court, The Hague (petition) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Frédéric Luz — Prince Federico I of Araucanía and Patagonia, holder of the exiled royal title — wrote to the ICC accusing the governments of Chile and Argentina of genocide and crimes against humanity against the Mapuche people, past and present; a Mapuche delegation incl. Lonko Juana Calfunao, supported by jurist Baltasar Garzón, presented the case at The Hague on 11 April 2019 (recorded in UN Human Rights Council written statements A/HRC/40/NGO/100, 2019; A/HRC/43/NGO/196, 2020). No ICC investigation or judgment arising from it is in the record consulted, and none is claimed. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: conquest-of-the-desert.md §7. | Documented (petition, at a petition's weight) |
| 15 September 2020. | no people — a book: James W. Lee, The One World Tartarians: The Greatest Civilization Ever To Be Erased From History. | Where: in print, in English. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — a maximal statement: the book's back cover states the doctrine at full reach — the civilization "encompassed most of the World we know today… From Russia to China to Africa to India to Australia and New Zealand to the North and South Americas" — and its wall doctrine names the Great Wall the "Great Wall of Tartaria," built, it argues, in the 1700s against China, its openings facing north. Each testable point is answered in the examination: the Ming wall's building archive, the Mongol record of the raids, the dynasty's fall in 1644 before the alleged building century opens, and the wall's fighting face looking north, toward the steppe. How they were killed: — Outcome: from 2021 the claim rides short-form video — the old map, the old gazetteer table, the one word lost — of which the frame that commissioned the examination is an instance. Its two exhibits are genuine period documents, in this thread at their full documentary strength: the French-school Asia (1751–57 entries above) and Lavoisne's table (1817/1820 entry above). They are good evidence. They are evidence for the documented history. Record: tartaria-the-land-and-the-claim.md, §§3.1–3.2, Addendum §A.3. | the book DOCUMENTED; the thesis CLAIM. |
| Published 2020 — the finding concerns an 8th-century BC Judahite shrine. | The worshippers of the kingdom of Judah who used the shrine at Tel Arad, and the modern analysts who tested its altars. | Where: Tel Arad, in the Negev of the kingdom of Judah. How they lived: A fortress-town community whose shrine reproduced, in small, the pattern of the Jerusalem Temple, with two limestone altars at the entrance to its holy of holies. The war or conquest — and who did it: None attached to this entry. How they were killed: Not applicable — no deaths attach to this entry. Outcome: Residue analysis at two independent laboratories identified cannabinoids (THC, CBD, CBN) on the smaller altar — cannabis inflorescences burned with animal dung — and frankincense on the larger. Cannabis burned in worship in 8th-century BC Judah: DOCUMENTED. (The identification of the word kaneh-bosem in Exodus 30:23 with cannabis, proposed in 1936, remains DEBATED and is not settled by this finding.) Record: THE_HEAVENS_THEY_KNEW_2026-10-28.md, §6. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 2020 (Census) | American Indian and Alaska Native peoples (United States) | Where: United States How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Present-day counts, not death counts: 3.7 million AIAN alone (1.1% of the US population); 9.7 million AIAN alone or in combination (2.9%) — US Census Bureau, 2020 Census. Recovery from the 1900 nadir of 237,196 is documented in the file with the same care as the collapse. Outcome: the people standing — counted present population at the level the file gives it Record: missing-generations.md §1.4. | Documented (census) |
| 14 February 2020 (deed of settlement signed; Crown apology); Moriori Claims Settlement Act 2021 | Moriori | Where: Rēkohu (Chatham Islands), New Zealand How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing — the Settlement Act 2021 carried a formal Crown apology, NZ$18 million in financial redress, return of culturally significant lands, and 50% vesting of the bed of Te Whanga Lagoon; the apology apologises among other things for the Crown's role in propagating the false history that Moriori were extinct, and for the loss of ta rē Moriori; the Hokotehi Moriori Trust stands as mandated authority, Kōpinga Marae (opened January 2005) stands, and ta rē Moriori is in descendant-led revival (first Moriori Language Week 2025) Record: new-zealand-and-pacific.md §1.6. | not classed in the record (guard case; Documented settlement and apology at their exact weight) |
| 27 May 2021 (announcement) | Children who died at the Kamloops Indian Residential School — Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc | Where: Former Kamloops Indian Residential School, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada — apple orchard GPR survey How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: STATED PRECISELY AT GPR LEVEL, exactly as filed: Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc announced preliminary results of a ground-penetrating radar survey conducted with Dr Sarah Beaulieu; the press release used the words "remains of 215 children." GPR detects subsurface anomalies — it does not image bodies and cannot by itself confirm burials; the anomalies were described by Beaulieu and in the Nation's later statements (July 2021 briefing) as roughly 200 "targets of interest" / probable and possible burials requiring confirmation. No excavation of the Kamloops anomalies has been carried out and no human remains from those anomalies have been publicly exhumed or forensically confirmed, as of the record. The formulations "215 bodies were found" and "nothing was found and nothing happened at Kamloops" both exceed the evidence and are not used. How they were killed: Separately documented, not dependent on the GPR claim: the TRC had already documented 51 deaths at the Kamloops school (1915–1963) in its records. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools.md §3. | Documented (announcement at GPR level, as filed) |
| 2021 (Census of Population, Canada — 245 conversational speakers; 105 mother tongue) | Haida | Where: Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada; and Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Residential schools and assimilation policy — children were punished out of the language, per the file ("because of assimilation tactics like residential schools, almost all Haida people speak English at home") How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: LIVING TODAY — a living nation; the language is Critically Endangered (UNESCO Atlas, Northern Haida), not dormant and not ended, with an organised immersion movement; peoples-register status LIVING TODAY Record: haida.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); peoples-register.md (Haida line). | not classed in the record as an ending (haida.md status: Critically Endangered) |
| 28 May 2021 (Germany's recognition announcement) | Herero (Ovaherero) and Nama | Where: Namibia / Germany How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples standing — Foreign Minister Heiko Maas announced the negotiated Joint Declaration, stating Germany would officially refer to the events as what they are "from today's perspective" — a genocide — and would ask forgiveness; Germany pledged €1.1 billion over 30 years for reconstruction and development, framed as a gesture of recognition, not as reparations (Germany's stated position: recognition gives rise to no legal claims to compensation); many Ovaherero and Nama traditional authorities and descendant organisations rejected the declaration (communities not treated as equal negotiating parties; development assistance is not reparations); the governments agreed a revised version in December 2024 with core terms unchanged in the reporting, the declaration remains unsigned in the latest reporting in the pass, it faces a constitutional challenge in Namibia's High Court, and Namibia now marks 28 May as Genocide Remembrance Day Record: africa-colonial-exterminations.md §1.5. | Documented (genocide classification, by Germany's 2021 official wording at its exact hedged weight) |
| Transfer signed 9 November 2021; the objects reached Benin 10 November 2021. | the Republic of Benin, heir of the Fon kingdom of Dahomey whose kings' treasures these are; France, the holding state.. | Where: The objects — thrones, royal statues of Kings Glele, Gezo and Béhanzin, palace doors — had been held in Paris (Trocadéro, then the Musée du Quai Branly) since their looting from Abomey in 1892. How they lived: As museum objects in the holding country's inalienable public collections, returnable only by a specific statute (passed December 2020) after Benin's 2016 request, the 2017 Ouagadougou speech and the Sarr-Savoy report of 2018. The war or conquest — and who did it: The original taking stands at 1892–94 in this chronology (Dodds's conquest of Dahomey); the 2021 entry records its partial undoing, not a new violence. How they were killed: Not a killing entry. Outcome: OWED Record: study_materials/world_true_history/benin/RESEARCH_DOSSIER.md §7. | DOCUMENTED. |
| 2021 (census) | Indigenous peoples in Canada (First Nations, Inuit and Métis) | Where: Canada How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: Present-day count, not a death count: 1,807,250 people (5.0%) with Indigenous identity — Statistics Canada, 2021 Census. Recovery from the 1871 enumeration of 102,358 is documented in the file. Outcome: the people standing — counted present population at the level the file gives it Record: missing-generations.md §1.4. | Documented (census) |
| 3 May 2021 | Maya people (Mexico) | Where: Tihosuco, Quintana Roo, Mexico — headquarters of the Maya rebellion of the Caste War (1847–1901); 120th anniversary of the federal capture of Chan Santa Cruz How they lived: Milpa agriculture (maize, beans, squash polyculture), home gardens, terracing, raised fields and forest gardens (knowledge/maya.md; practices/farming.md) The war or conquest — and who did it: STATE APOLOGY (documented, at an apology's weight): President Andrés Manuel López Obrador: "We offer the most sincere apologies to the Maya people for the terrible abuses committed by individuals and national and foreign authorities in the conquest, during three centuries of colonial domination and two centuries of an independent Mexico." Interior Secretary Olga Sánchez Cordero: "Today we ask forgiveness in the name of the Mexican government for the injustices committed against you throughout our history…" The word "genocide" was not used. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §1. | Documented (state apology) |
| 2021 (Census — 30,186 people in Tasmania identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, 5.4% of the state's population) | Palawa (Tasmanian Aboriginal people) | Where: Tasmania (lutruwita) How they lived: Bass Strait island communities kept mutton-birding, craft, kinship and community organisation through the whole period, per the file The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People living — 30,186 identifying in the 2021 Census (up from 23,578 in 2016); the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre stands as peak organisation, running the palawa kani Language Program (a composite language constructed from the 1990s from the surviving wordlists and Cochrane Smith's cylinders — a retrieval, filed as a retrieval); Truganini was not the last Palawa alive in 1876 and neither woman was the last person of Palawa descent Record: australia-frontier-and-removals.md §5; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part I §A2, §G (G1). | Class A = 0 for Tasmania — refutation (the census filing); the Palawa as a whole file as Class C (original languages gone, people living), and the nine nations as grouped Class B (1828 entry) |
| 1 March 2021 (hearings began); December 2021 (proceedings opened against ministers; Fujimori's suspended); December 2023 (opened process annulled); June 2024 (Chile Supreme Court approved including sterilization charges in the extradition framework) (see also 1996, 2003, 2014) | Victims of Peru's sterilization programme (prosecution case built on named cases) | Where: Peru — proceedings before Judge Rafael Martínez; Peruvian Supreme Court How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Hearings began 1 March 2021. In December 2021 the judge ordered criminal proceedings opened against the former ministers and an adviser as alleged perpetrators, for grave injuries and deaths in a context of serious human rights violations; proceedings against Fujimori himself were suspended because forced sterilization had not been among the charges in Chile's 2007 extradition grant, and Peru sought an extension. In December 2023 Peru's Supreme Court annulled the opened process, accepting a limitations argument for former minister Aguinaga. In June 2024 the Supreme Court of Chile approved including the sterilization charges within the extradition framework. At the close of the record: no trial of Fujimori or his ministers for the programme has been held, and no official stands convicted for designing or directing it. How they were killed: The prosecution case as finally framed was built on five women who died — Mestanza, Alejandra Aguirre, Reynalda Betalleluz, Marpia Espinola and Celia Ramos — and injuries to some 1,301–1,317 further plaintiffs (count appears as 1,315 and 1,317 in different reports, printed as a range in the file) Outcome: not classed in the record Record: peru-sterilizations.md §6–§7. | Documented (judicial record as filed) |
| 25 September 2021 (Marie Wilcox died — NYT obituary date; a conflicting line gives 7 October 2021, flagged in the file, not resolved) | Wukchumni (Tule–Kaweah Yokuts) | Where: East fork of the Kaweah River, San Joaquin Valley / Tulare County, California, USA How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Yokuts peoples were reduced across the 19th and 20th centuries by the California sequence in the file — mission and ranchero eras, Gold Rush-era violence, land loss, and schooling in English — until Wukchumni was the last Tule–Kaweah dialect with a living speaker, and by the early 2010s that speaker was one woman How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: People standing as a community (Tule River Yokuts community, per the census translation note) — the unbroken native line ended in 2021; at Wilcox's death there were at least three fluent speakers, all learners she and her family had taught, and a taught line continues; wukchumni.md status: Extinct as a native-speaker dialect (2021); peoples-register status EXTINCT (following the Extinction Register, with the tension flagged in the register — a Dormant/Reawakening filing on people-grounds is recorded there as having the better of the argument) Record: wukchumni.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-27.md §2.3; peoples-register.md (Wukchumni line). | Class C in census terms (census §2.3 translation, flagged) — the per-people file classes the dialect Extinct (2021) |
| 28 September 2021 (apology at Vícam); instruments published 29 September 2021 (see also 1880) | Yaqui (Pueblo Yaqui) | Where: Vícam Pueblo, Primera Cabecera, Sonora, Mexico — before the traditional governors of the eight Yaqui pueblos; Diario Oficial de la Federación How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: STATE APOLOGY with restitution instruments: President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, in the published speech text: "First we wish to offer you forgiveness for the crimes of State that were committed against your ancestors, above all during the Porfiriato, though not only during that dictatorship" (Excélsior wire variant "we ask your forgiveness" printed in the file; the Presidencia text governs). He signed at the act the first restitution instruments. Diario Oficial, 29 September 2021: (1) Decreto delivering to the Yaqui People 2,943-73-89.23 hectares in Guaymas, Cajeme, Empalme and San Ignacio Río Muerto, Sonora, as collective title, against the Acuerdos' commitment to make good a surface of more than 20,000 hectares; (2) Decreto establishing Irrigation District 018 of the Yaqui People — 126,259 hectares, guaranteeing the tribe's right to water for agricultural use, administered by the people themselves. The Presidential Commission had been created by decree of 27 October 2020. No court has found genocide in the Yaqui case, and none is printed. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: the people standing — eight pueblos, traditional governments in place; the Plan's implementation a continuing record Record: yaqui-apology-2021.md §1–§5. | Documented (state apology, verified at first hand in the file) |
| 11 May 2022 (Volume I) | American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian children (United States) (see also 2024) | Where: United States — Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative, Department of the Interior How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Volume I findings: 408 federal Indian boarding schools operated or supported between 1819 and 1969, across 37 states or then-territories; marked or unmarked burial sites identified at 53 schools; the system "deployed militarized and identity-alteration methodologies to assimilate" children, punished Native language and religious practice, and used corporal punishment; children as young as 4 were taken. How they were killed: The report concluded the system resulted in the deaths of over 500 children on the records then reviewed, stating the Department expected continued investigation to show the number "in the thousands or tens of thousands." Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools.md §4; framing-and-findings.md §5. | Documented (official investigative report) |
| 25 July 2022 (apology at Maskwacis); 29–30 July 2022 (return-flight words) | Indigenous peoples of Canada (residential schools) | Where: Maskwacis, Alberta, Canada; papal return flight How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: CHURCH APOLOGY + characterisation (documented): Pope Francis at Maskwacis begged forgiveness "for the evil committed by so many Christians against the Indigenous peoples" in the residential-school system. On the return flight, asked why he had not used the word genocide, he answered: "It's true that I didn't use the word because I didn't think of it. But I described genocide. I apologized, I asked forgiveness for this work, which was genocide… taking children away and trying to change their culture, their minds, change their traditions, a race, an entire culture." Weight, as filed: the apology addressed the acts of "many Christians," not an institutional admission by the Church as a body (a distinction survivors' organisations noted); the genocide characterisation was spoken to journalists, not issued as a document. Both halves stand. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §2. | Documented (church apology, at an apology's weight) |
| 28 June 2022 (final report delivered); ethnic volume launched 2 August 2022 | Indigenous, Afro-Colombian, Raizal, Palenquero and Rrom peoples of Colombia (ethnic peoples) | Where: Colombia — Commission for the Clarification of Truth (CEV), created under the 2016 peace accord How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: TRUTH-COMMISSION FINDING (documented): the CEV's ethnic volume, Resistir no es aguantar (663 pp.), documents violence against Colombia's ethnic peoples as a continuum rooted in "the invasion, the slave trade and colonization," falling disproportionately on ethnic peoples in the armed conflict and jeopardising, in the Commission's words, their collective future as peoples. The CEV did not issue a genocide finding in that term; none is printed. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §3. | Documented (truth-commission finding, no genocide finding as filed) |
| 16 February 2022 (Cristina Calderón died, aged 93) | Yaghan / Yámana | Where: Islands south of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego to Cape Horn; centred today on Puerto Williams / Villa Ukika, Navarino Island, Chile How they lived: A nomadic canoe people — missionisation from 1871 concentrated them into settlements, and Chilean Navy restrictions have since ended free canoeing, per the file The war or conquest — and who did it: Epidemic disease, missionisation and settlement, sheep farming, naval restrictions, and discrimination against the language through the 20th century How they were killed: Late-19th-century population estimated 2,500–3,000; from perhaps 3,000 to only 1,000 in 1881–1883 (measles and smallpox), and as low as 40 people by 1933, on the scholarship carried in the file; in the 1880s about 90 percent of the Yaghan people died from infectious diseases Europeans brought, per the Nautilus reporting in the file Outcome: People living — a Yaghan community, including Calderón's family, lives at Villa Ukika, with revitalisation led by her family; the language's native transmission ended with Calderón, the last known native speaker (rememberers exist — Calderón in 2017: others "can understand it but don't speak it or know it like I do"; no sourced number for rememberers exists in the file); peoples-register status LIVING TODAY Record: yaghan.md (STATUS; THE COUNT; WHAT HAPPENED); peoples-register.md (Yaghan line). | not classed in the record as a people's ending (yaghan.md status: Extinct as a native-speaker language, 2022, with rememberers and revitalisation) |
| 24 October 2023 (settlement approved, 2023 FC 1466) | First Nations children and families (Canada) | Where: Canada — Federal Court How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: COURT-APPROVED SETTLEMENT on a tribunal's discrimination finding (documented): the Federal Court approved the Final Settlement Agreement compensating First Nations children and families harmed by Canada's discriminatory underfunding of on-reserve child and family services and its narrow application of Jordan's Principle: $23.34 billion, the largest settlement in Canadian history. It answers the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal's 2019 finding that Canada's conduct was discriminatory (compensation orders upheld, 2021 FC 969). Claims for the Removed Child classes opened 10 March 2025. Weight, as filed: the finding is discrimination, and the settlement compensation for it — not a genocide finding, and not printed as one. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §7. | Documented (settlement on a discrimination finding, as filed) |
| 15 June 2023 (see also 1978) | Indian children, tribes and families (United States) | Where: US Supreme Court — Haaland v. Brackeen, 599 U.S. 255 (2023) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: COURT RULING (documented): the Supreme Court held 7–2 that the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 is constitutional — within Congress's authority and not a commandeering of the states; the equal-protection attack on ICWA's placement preferences was not decided on its merits (standing). Justice Gorsuch's concurrence grounds the holding in the history itself — the mass removal of Indian children. A ruling about a statute's validity; not a finding on genocide, and not printed as one. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §5. | Documented (court ruling) |
| 30 March 2023 | Indigenous peoples (hemisphere — doctrinal statement) | Where: Vatican — joint statement of the Dicasteries for Culture and Education and for Promoting Integral Human Development How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Church "repudiates those concepts that fail to recognize the inherent human rights of indigenous peoples, including what has become known as the legal and political 'doctrine of discovery'"; the doctrine "is not part of the teaching of the Catholic Church," and the fifteenth-century bulls behind it "have never been considered expressions of the Catholic faith." Limit, as filed: the statement rescinds no title and binds no court; the doctrine's career in domestic law (e.g., Johnson v. M'Intosh, 1823) is untouched by it. Both halves stand. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §4. | Documented (official doctrinal statement) |
| September–October 2023 (STF judgment concluded 27 September 2023; Law 14.701, October 2023; veto overridden December 2023) | Indigenous peoples of Brazil (case people: Xokleng, Ibirama-Laklãnõ) | Where: Brazil — Supreme Federal Court, RE 1.017.365/SC; Congress How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: COURT RULING + LEGISLATIVE COUNTER-MOVE, both halves (documented): the STF held 9–2 that the marco temporal thesis — under which Indigenous peoples could claim only lands physically occupied on 5 October 1988 — is unconstitutional. Within weeks Congress passed the thesis into statute anyway: Law 14.701 (October 2023), enacted over presidential vetoes (veto overridden December 2023), its constitutionality in turn challenged before the same Court. Filed dated, as a moving record; no position taken on the pending challenges. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §6. | Documented (court ruling and statute, as filed) |
| 20 January 2023 (emergency declared); deaths data 2019–2022; presidential characterisation 21 January 2023 (see also 1946 Yanomami entry, 1993) | Yanomami | Where: Yanomami Indigenous Territory, Brazil How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Brazil's Health Ministry declared a public health emergency in the Yanomami Indigenous Territory, invaded by more than 20,000 illegal gold miners whose mercury, malaria and destruction of game and gardens had collapsed the people's food and health systems. President Lula, visiting Boa Vista, 21 January 2023: "More than a humanitarian crisis, what I saw in Roraima was genocide: a premeditated crime against the Yanomami, committed by a government insensitive to suffering" — a head of government's characterisation, filed as CLAIM under investigation, not a finding; no court has ruled. A federal police investigation into the preceding government's conduct was ordered at the Supreme Federal Court's direction. How they were killed: The ministry's own data (obtained under freedom-of-information law, reported by Sumaúma): 570 Yanomami children under five died of curable diseases — malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, mercury-linked malformations — in 2019–2022. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §8. | Documented (emergency and deaths data); genocide characterisation CLAIM, as filed |
| 30 July 2024 (Volume II) (see also 2022) | American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian children (United States) | Where: United States — Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative, Department of the Interior How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Volume II findings: 417 federal schools across 37 states or then-territories; 1,025 other institutions that advanced similar assimilation goals; at least 18,624 children identified by name and Tribal identity in records reviewed (~103 million pages); $23.3 billion (FY2023 inflation-adjusted) in federal appropriations, 1871–1969, for the schools and associated assimilation policies. The Department stated throughout that the actual numbers of deaths and burials are greater than those documented. How they were killed: At least 973 American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian children confirmed to have died while attending federal Indian boarding schools; at least 74 marked or unmarked burial sites at 65 school sites. Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools.md §4; framing-and-findings.md §5. | Documented (official investigative report) |
| August 2024 (NTP monograph) | Children exposed to fluoride in drinking water (general population entry — no people-specific claim in file) | Where: United States — National Toxicology Program monograph How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: NTP Monograph, State of the Science Concerning Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects (August 2024): the NTP concluded with moderate confidence that higher fluoride exposure — drinking water above 1.5 mg/L — is consistently associated with lower IQ in children; it stated it had insufficient data to determine whether exposure at 0.7 mg/L (the recommended community fluoridation level) affects children's IQ, and made no finding on adult cognition. The file prints fluoride safety at community levels as Debated in both directions; the claim that fluoridation is a deliberate instrument of warfare is filed in the source file as Claim (the owner's teaching), with no document at standard establishing deliberateness of harm. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: modern-mechanisms-contamination.md §3. | Debated (exactly as filed) |
| October 2024 (returns) (see also 1879 Carlisle entry, 2025) | Children who died at Carlisle — Oglala Sioux Tribe; Gros Ventre (Fort Belknap); Wichita and Affiliated Tribes; Seminole Nation of Oklahoma; Eastern Shoshone | Where: Carlisle Indian Industrial School cemetery, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania — US Army Office of Army Cemeteries How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The Army returned nine children, named in its release: Fanny Chargingshield, James Cornman and Samuel Flying Horse (Oglala Sioux Tribe); Almeda Heavy Hair, Bishop L. Shield and John Bull (Gros Ventre, Fort Belknap); Kati Rosskidwits (Wichita and Affiliated Tribes); Albert Mekko (Seminole Nation of Oklahoma); William Norkok (Eastern Shoshone). Programme accounting as reported: 232 students died at Carlisle; 186 were buried in the post cemetery (moved by the Army in 1927). How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §9. | Documented (Army programme record as filed) |
| 25 October 2024 | Native children and peoples (United States — boarding schools) | Where: Gila River Indian Community, Arizona How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: STATE APOLOGY (documented): President Biden delivered the first formal apology by the United States for the federal boarding-school system: "I formally apologize, as president of the United States of America, for what we did." The system, he said, was "a sin on our soul," "one of the most horrific chapters in American history"; "generations of Native children stolen… their names literally erased, replaced by a number or an English name." The apology rests on the Interior record (417 institutions, at least 973 documented child deaths, 74 burial sites at 65 schools). An apology, not a genocide finding; the United States has issued no such finding for the schools. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §10. | Documented (state apology, at an apology's weight) |
| September 2025 (returns) (see also 1879, 2024) | Children who died at Carlisle (19 children returned to their Tribal Nations) | Where: Carlisle Indian Industrial School cemetery, Carlisle, Pennsylvania How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: Nineteen more children returned — the largest single season of the Army's repatriation project. After the September 2025 disinterments roughly 130 sets of remains were still at Carlisle. The record's imperfection stands documented inside the returns: the grave opened for Alfred Charko, a Wichita child of fifteen, held remains inconsistent with his record; they were reburied as unknown, and the Army committed to keep searching for his grave. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: further-evidence-2026-10-28.md §9. | Documented (Army programme record as filed) |
| 29 September 2025 (NCTR statement) (see also 2019) | First Nations, Inuit and Métis children who died at residential schools (Canada) | Where: Canada — National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: The NCTR verified 1,143 new names of children who died as a result of the residential school system for the National Student Memorial Register, and updated names, dates and school information for more than 1,000 students, after notifying families, Survivors and communities first. No single total was stated in the NCTR's 2025 release, and none is constructed here. How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: not classed in the record Record: schools.md §2. | Documented (register update as filed) |
| 30 July 2026 (Siraya recognised by executive decree as Taiwan's 17th Indigenous people) | Pingpu (plains peoples) — the census grouped Class B line names 13 peoples outside the count: Siraya · Taivoan · Makatao · Ketagalan · Basay · Luilang · Qauqaut · Trobiawan · Taokas · Pazeh (Kaxabu) · Papora · Babuza · Hoanya (Kavalan is not in the group — it holds recognised status inside the registration line) | Where: Taiwan (western plains and basins) How they lived: owed in the record The war or conquest — and who did it: owed in the record How they were killed: owed in the record Outcome: Peoples standing — the absorption precedent is REFUTED for the Pingpu as a class in the file; Siraya recognised 30 July 2026, the first plains people recognised under the new Act; every other Pingpu people named remains unrecognised at national level as of the filing, their applications live processes; no Pingpu people is filed Class A Record: asia-and-the-north.md §3; WORLD_EXTERMINATION_CENSUS_2026-10-28.md Part IV §3. | Class B (13 named Pingpu peoples grouped outside the count, pending per-people verification); Class A 0 for Taiwan, as a finding. ## The chronology's close — what it does not do - The two counts are never added together — not in any era above, and not here. The genocides on the record and the peoples not with us anymore are different counts answering different questions; the eras hold them apart line by line, exactly as the register and the censuses do. - Every count in these eras is a floor of the built record, carried at its source file's level: ranges stay ranges, perpetrators' accountings stay labelled as the perpetrators', witnesses stay witnesses, and no figure has been smoothed, summed, or settled here that its file left open. - The OWED fields are part of the answer. Above all how they used to live: this record was built from the killing's archive, and for most peoples in it the life before the blow is the field the archive did not keep. The owed list in the accompanying report names the coverage exactly. The strand's practices and knowledge research — how the peoples trained horses, followed the herds, hunted whales and seals, harvested and farmed — stands on its own shelf and is the road by which those fields are filled, people by people, at that research's own standard; nothing of it has been borrowed into these entries beyond what the entry files themselves carry |
| 28 October 2026 (the artefact as received). | no people — a short-form video; the claim in its present circulation | Where: Facebook Reels. How they lived: — The war or conquest — and who did it: no war — circulation: a Reel titled “ILL¥MINATI - are you still…” cuts a black-and-white film scene — subtitled in Romanian, “Au intrat în Europa,” (“They entered Europe,”) — against a street interview; 14K likes as captured. How they were killed: — Outcome: the subtitle carries the joint-origin narrative family of the 1955 telling (see 1955, above) in the claim's present, short-form life; the film and interview are not identified from the still. Record: the-illuminati-record-and-claim.md, Part I; Annex A. | the artefact DOCUMENTED; its specific sources NOT IDENTIFIED. |
What this chronology does not do
The two counts are never added together — not in any era above, and not here. Every count is a floor of the built record, carried at its source’s level: ranges stay ranges, perpetrators’ accountings stay labelled as the perpetrators’, witnesses stay witnesses. And the OWED fields are part of the answer: the strand’s practices and knowledge research — how the peoples trained horses, followed the herds, hunted whales and seals, harvested and farmed — is the road by which the “how they lived” fields are filled, people by people, at that research’s own standard; nothing of it has been borrowed into these lines beyond what the entry files themselves carry.
Read beside this class: The Genocides Register — Continent by Continent · The Exterminated — The Census of Nations · The Arrival · The Schools Chronology as Evidence · Genocide — Findings, Terms and the Law · The Hidden Powers, Examined.